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1

Digitale Medien

Particulate mercury in the atmosphere: Its significance, transport, transformation and sources (1995)

Keeler, G. ; Glinsorn, G. ; Pirrone, N.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 159-168

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Schlagwort(e): Mercury ; dry deposition ; particle phase mercury ; size distribution ; Great Lakes ; Lake Champlain

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract The importance of participate mercury (Hg(p)) in the transport, chemistry and deposition of this toxic metal has long been underestimated and largely ignored. While it was once believed to constitute a small percentage of total atmospheric mercury, Hg(p) may contribute a significant portion of the deposition of this metal to adjacent natural waters. Recent measurements of Hg(p) in several urban/industrial areas have documented that Hg can be associated with large particles (〉2.5 μm) and in concentrations similar to those of the vapor phase Hg (ng/m3). As part of ongoing effort to diagnose the sources, transport and deposition of Hg to the Great Lakes and other Great Waters, the University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory (UMAQL) has investigated the physical and chemical properties of particulate-phase Hg in both urban and rural locations. It appears that particulate Hg may be the one of the most difficult of the Hg measurements to perform, and perhaps the one of the most important for deposition and source apportionment studies. Particulate Hg concentrations measured in rural areas of the Great Lakes Region and Vermont ranged from 1 to 86 pg/m3 whereas Hg(p) levels in urban/industrialized areas were in the range 15 pg/m3 to 1.2 ng/m3.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189664

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2

Digitale Medien

An intensive multi-site pilot study investigating atmospheric mercury in Broward County, Florida (1995)

Dvonch, J. T. ; Vette, A. F. ; Keeler, G. J. ; [weitere]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 169-178

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract An intensive multi-site pilot study of atmospheric Hg was conducted in Broward County, Florida in August and September of 1993. Broward County, which contains the city of Fort Lauderdale, is located in southeastern Florida. The county borders the Florida Everglades on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. A network of four sampling sites was set up for 20 days throughout Broward County to measure Hg in both the vapor phase and the particle phase as well as Hg in precipitation. The mean concentrations of total vapor phase Hg measured at two inland sites were found to be significantly higher (3.3 and 2.8 ng/m3) than that measured at a site located on the Atlantic shore (1.8 ng/m3). The mean concentrations of particle phase Hg collected at the two inland sites (51 and 49 pg/m3) were found to be 50% greater than that measured at the coastal site (34 pg/m3). In addition, event precipitation samples were collected at four sampling sites over the 20 day study period and were analyzed for both reactive and total Hg. The mean concentration of total Hg in the precipitation samples was found to be 44 ng/L, with a range of 14 to 130 ng/L. It was determined that further meteorological analysis and a more complete characterization of the aerosol and precipitation composition are needed to identify the probable source(s) contributing to the increased deposition of Hg.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189665

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3

Digitale Medien

Ambient levels and dry deposition fluxes of mercury to Lakes Huron, Erie and St. Clair (1995)

Pirrone, N. ; Glinsorn, G. ; Keeler, G. J.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 179-188

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract Ambient concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of Hg in the gas and particle phase to Lakes St. Clair, Erie and Huron were estimated with a hybrid receptor-deposition model (HRD). The ambient gas and particulate phase Hg concentrations were predicted to vary by a factor of 12 to 18 during the transport of air masses traversing the lakes. The ensemble average deposition fluxes of fine particle Hg ranged from 7 pg/m2-h to 15.3 pg/m2-h over Lake St. Clair, 0.5 to 4.2 pg/m2-h over Lake Huron and 5.1 to 20.6 pg/m2-h over Lake Erie. The deposition flux of coarse particle Hg was in the range of 50 to 84 pg/m2-h over Lake St. Clair, 4.7 to 24.2 pg/m2-h over Lake Huron and 5.1 to 20.6 pg/m2-h over Lake Erie. Gaseous Hg volatilized at a rate of 0.21 to 0.52 ng/m2-h from Lake Huron and 0.13 to 0.36 from Lake Erie. Gas phase Hg was deposited at a rate of 5.9 ng/m2-h and/or volatilized at a rate of 0.5 ng/m2-h from Lake St. Clair depending upon the location of the sampling site used in the HRD model. The effect of meteorological conditions, particle size distributions and type and location of the sampling sites played an important role in the transfer of atmospheric Hg to and/or from the lakes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189666

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4

Digitale Medien

International field intercomparison of atmospheric mercury measurement methods (1995)

Schroeder, W. H. ; Keeler, G. ; Kock, H. ; [weitere]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 611-620

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract To determine the extent of comparability of sampling and analytical procedures for atmospheric mercury (Hg) being used by different scientific groups around the world and hence the compatibility of measurement results, the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) co-ordinated a field intercomparison study in Windsor, Ontario, over a period of 5 days- during Sept./Oct.,1993. This study brought together 2 groups (University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory; Chemistry Institute of GKSS) which performed conventional (manual) sample collection procedures for total gaseous mercury (TGM) and for particulate-phase mercury (PPM), followed by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometric (CVAFS) analysis in the respective laboratories. Two other groups (Ontario Hydro, and the Ontario Ministry of Environment & Energy) each operated a novel mercury vapor analyzer produced by Tekran Inc. of Toronto. As is the case for the manual methods, this analyzer also uses gold amalgamation and CVAFS. During the intercomparison, meteorological parameters (air temperature, barometric pressure, wind speed/direction and relative humidity) were obtained at the study site.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189713

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5

Digitale Medien

The microstructure of thin-film magnetic recording disks (1992)

Jones, G. A. ; Srinivasan, D. R. ; Grundy, P. J. ; [weitere]

Springer

Journal of materials science 27 (1992), S. 6244-6248

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ISSN: 1573-4803

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Maschinenbau

Notizen: Abstract The microstructure of two rigid thin-film magnetic disks has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The disks consisted of a rigid textured substrate, a magnetic medium (either electrolessly plated CoP or sputtered CoNiPt) and an overlayer. Both cross-section and planar specimens were prepared. Magnetic measurements showed that both disks are isotropic within their plane. We believe this result is consistent with the noted absence of either preferred crystallographic orientation or columnar growth within the magnetic medium.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133778

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6

Digitale Medien

Mercury concentrations in two “great waters” (1995)

Cleckner, L. B. ; Esseks, E. S. ; Meier, P. G. ; [weitere]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 581-584

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract Although many sources of Hg to surface waters have been identified including atmospheric deposition, resuspension of contaminated sediments, and direct discharges, there are very few recent data on ambient concentrations in the large lakes. Thus, an investigation of Hg concentrations in Lake Champlain and Lake Michigan was completed in the summer of 1993. Three depths of water including the microlayer, 30 cm below the surface, and 1 m below the thermocline were collected for each sampling event using ultra-clean techniques. All samples were processed in the field for dissolved and particulate fractions in a portable plastic enclosure equipped with a HEPA filter, and then analyzed by dual amalgamation and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy in a Class 100 clean room at the University of Michigan. In addition, samples were analyzed for other trace metals by ICP-MS. Results from the two field investigations include the following: (1) On average, Lake Michigan water samples had higher concentrations of Hg than Lake Champlain; (2) There was no consistent pattern of Hg concentrations in the water column; (3) There was variability in the concentrations of Hg from the same depths over consecutive sampling periods. This paper discusses these results, and examines the relationship between the patterns in mercury concentrations and other physical and chemical data collected during the investigation.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189709

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7

Digitale Medien

Sources of mercury in the Arctic (1995)

Pacyna, J. M. ; Keeler, G. J.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 621-632

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract Global and regional emission inventories of mercury are reviewed with special emphasis on the source regions with potential impact on the Arctic environment. These sources are located mostly in Eurasia and North America and emit almost 1300 t of Hg to the air annually. Combustion of fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat is the major source of Hg. Major portion of the element emissions from this source is in a gaseous phase. A small portion of Hg emissions in Eurasia and North America is deposited in the Arctic region, perhaps 60 to 80 t annually. Additional amounts of Hg in the Arctic air originate from natural sources, although it is very difficult to quantify them. A small decrease of anthropogenic Hg emissions is observed in Europe at present. These emissions are expected to increase again in the near future.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189714

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8

Digitale Medien

Atmospheric sources, transport and deposition of mercury in Michigan: Two years of event precipitation (1995)

Hoyer, M. ; Burke, J. ; Keeler, G.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 199-208

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Schlagwort(e): Mercury ; wet deposition ; precipitation ; trace elements ; regional transport ; trajectories

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract To assess the sources, transport and deposition of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in Michigan, a multi-site network was implemented in which Hg concentrations in event precipitation and ambient samples (vapor and participate phases) were determined. Results from the analysis of 2 years of event precipitation samples for Hg are reported here. The volume-weighted average Hg concentration in precipitation was 7.9, 10.8 and 10.2 ng/L for the Pellston, South Haven and Dexter sites, respectively. Yearly wet deposition of Hg for 1992–93 and 1993–94 was 5.8 and 5.5 μg/m2 at Pellston, 9.5 and 12.7 μg/m2 at South Haven and 8.7 and 9.1 μg/m at Dexter. A spatial gradient in both the Hg concentration and wet deposition was observed. Northern Michigan received almost half the deposition of Hg recorded at the southern Michigan sites. The concentration of Hg in precipitation exhibited a strong seasonal behavior with low values of 1.0 to 2.0 ng/L in winter and maximum values greater than 40 ng/L in summer. The spring, summer and autumn precipitation accounted for 89 to 91% of the total yearly Hg deposition. Mixed-layer back trajectories were calculated for each precipitation event to investigate the meteorological history and transport from potential Hg source regions. Elevated Hg concentrations were observed with air mass transport from the west, southwest, south, and southeast. At each of the sites precipitation events for which the Hg concentration was in the 90th and 10th percentile were-analyzed for trace elements by ICP-MS to investigate source impacts.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189668

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9

Digitale Medien

Wet deposition of mercury and ambient mercury concentrations at a site in the Lake Champlain basin (1995)

Burke, J. ; Hoyer, M. ; Keeler, G. ; [weitere]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 353-362

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Schlagwort(e): Mercury ; wet deposition ; regional transport ; particle phase mercury ; Lake Champlain

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Energietechnik

Notizen: Abstract The “Great Waters” program, established in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, mandated that atmospheric deposition of hazardous air pollutants to Lake Champlain (including Hg) be assessed. An assessment of the magnitude and seasonal variation of atmospheric Hg deposition in the Lake Champlain basin was initiated in December 1992 with one year of event precipitation collection, as well as collection of vapor and particle phase Hg in ambient air. Samples were collected at the Vermont Monitoring Cooperative air monitoring site at the Proctor Maple Research Center in Underhill Center, VT. The average volume-weighted concentration for Hg in precipitation was 8.3 ng/L for the sampling year and the average amount of Hg deposited with each precipitation event was 0.069 μg/m2. The total amount of Hg deposited through precipitation during 1993 was 9.26 μg/m2/yr. A seasonal pattern for Hg in precipitation was evident, with increased concentrations and deposition during spring and summer months. Meteorological analysis indicated the highest levels of Hg in precipitation were associated with regional transport from the south regardless of season, and with transport from the west, southwest and northwest during spring and summer months. Concentrations of ambient vapor phase Hg were typical of rural locations and consistent across seasons. Ambient particulate Hg concentrations averaged 11 pg/m3 with highest concentrations during the winter months.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189685

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