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  • 1
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    Direct experiments on the ocean disposal of fossil fuel CO2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-13
    Description: Field experiments were conducted to test ideas for fossil fuel carbon dioxide ocean disposal as a solid hydrate at depths ranging from 349 to 3627 meters and from 8 degrees to 1.6 degrees C. Hydrate formed instantly from the gas phase at 349 meters but then decomposed rapidly in ambient seawater. At 3627 meters, the seawater-carbon dioxide interface rose rapidly because of massive hydrate formation, forcing spillover of the liquid carbon dioxide from the container. A strong barrier between the liquid carbon dioxide and interaction with the sediments was observed. A pool of liquid carbon dioxide on the sea floor would expand in volume more than four times, forming hydrate, which will dissolve.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brewer -- Friederich -- Peltzer -- Orr Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):943-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Post Office Box 628, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Biological and chemical response of the equatorial pacific ocean to the 1997-98 El Nino (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: During the 1997-98 El Nino, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0. 7 x 10(15) grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Nino was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez -- Strutton -- Friederich -- Feely -- Feldman -- Foley -- McPhaden -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2126-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. E-mail: chfr@mbari.org. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of central European mitochondrial genetic diversity (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: The processes that shaped modern European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation remain unclear. The initial peopling by Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers ~42,000 years ago and the immigration of Neolithic farmers into Europe ~8000 years ago appear to have played important roles but do not explain present-day mtDNA diversity. We generated mtDNA profiles of 364 individuals from prehistoric cultures in Central Europe to perform a chronological study, spanning the Early Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (5500 to 1550 calibrated years before the common era). We used this transect through time to identify four marked shifts in genetic composition during the Neolithic period, revealing a key role for Late Neolithic cultures in shaping modern Central European genetic diversity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039305/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039305/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brandt, Guido -- Haak, Wolfgang -- Adler, Christina J -- Roth, Christina -- Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna -- Karimnia, Sarah -- Moller-Rieker, Sabine -- Meller, Harald -- Ganslmeier, Robert -- Friederich, Susanne -- Dresely, Veit -- Nicklisch, Nicole -- Pickrell, Joseph K -- Sirocko, Frank -- Reich, David -- Cooper, Alan -- Alt, Kurt W -- Genographic Consortium -- R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):257-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1241844.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. brandtg@uni-mainz.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/history ; Europe ; *Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population/*genetics ; Transients and Migrants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influence on biological productivity in surface waters over large areas of the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variation of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacial cycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularly important because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yet iron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentially expressed between waters with high silicic acid in the south and low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may be limited by both silicic acid and iron. Two mesoscale experiments, designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regions with high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performed in the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron's pivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coale, Kenneth H -- Johnson, Kenneth S -- Chavez, Francisco P -- Buesseler, Ken O -- Barber, Richard T -- Brzezinski, Mark A -- Cochlan, William P -- Millero, Frank J -- Falkowski, Paul G -- Bauer, James E -- Wanninkhof, Rik H -- Kudela, Raphael M -- Altabet, Mark A -- Hales, Burke E -- Takahashi, Taro -- Landry, Michael R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Wang, Xiujun -- Chase, Zanna -- Strutton, Pete G -- Friederich, Gernot E -- Gorbunov, Maxim Y -- Lance, Veronica P -- Hilting, Anna K -- Hiscock, Michael R -- Demarest, Mark -- Hiscock, William T -- Sullivan, Kevin F -- Tanner, Sara J -- Gordon, R Mike -- Hunter, Craig N -- Elrod, Virginia A -- Fitzwater, Steve E -- Jones, Janice L -- Tozzi, Sasha -- Koblizek, Michal -- Roberts, Alice E -- Herndon, Julian -- Brewster, Jodi -- Ladizinsky, Nicolas -- Smith, Geoffrey -- Cooper, David -- Timothy, David -- Brown, Susan L -- Selph, Karen E -- Sheridan, Cecelia C -- Twining, Benjamin S -- Johnson, Zackary I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):408-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, USA. coale@mlml.calstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/growth & development/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Iron/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Silicic Acid/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    High Nitrite Levels off Northern Peru: A Signal of Instability in the Marine Denitrification Rate (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-09-12
    Description: During February and March 1985, nitrite levels along the northern (approximately 7 degrees to 10 degrees S) Peruvian coast were unusually high. These accumulations occurred in oxygen-deficient waters, suggesting intensified denitrification. In a shallow offshore nitrite maximum, concentrations were as high as 23 micromoles per liter (a record high). Causes for the unusual conditions may include a cold anomaly that followed the 1982-83 El Nino. The removal of combined nitrogen (approximately 3 to 10 trillion grams of nitrogen per year) within zones of new or enhanced denitrification observed between 7 degrees to 16 degrees S suggests a significant increase in oceanic denitrification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Codispoti, L A -- Friederich, G E -- Packard, T T -- Glover, H E -- Kelly, P J -- Spinrad, R W -- Barber, R T -- Elkins, J W -- Ward, B B -- Lipschultz, F -- Lostaunau, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 12;233(4769):1200-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Decline of genetic diversity in ancient domestic stallions in Europe (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-19
    Description: Present-day domestic horses are immensely diverse in their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, yet they show very little variation on their paternally inherited Y chromosome. Although it has recently been shown that Y chromosomal diversity in domestic horses was higher at least until the Iron Age, when and why this diversity disappeared remain controversial questions. We genotyped 16 recently discovered Y chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 96 ancient Eurasian stallions spanning the early domestication stages (Copper and Bronze Age) to the Middle Ages. Using this Y chromosomal time series, which covers nearly the entire history of horse domestication, we reveal how Y chromosomal diversity changed over time. Our results also show that the lack of multiple stallion lineages in the extant domestic population is caused by neither a founder effect nor random demographic effects but instead is the result of artificial selection—initially during the Iron Age by nomadic people from the Eurasian steppes and later during the Roman period. Moreover, the modern domestic haplotype probably derived from another, already advantageous, haplotype, most likely after the beginning of the domestication. In line with recent findings indicating that the Przewalski and domestic horse lineages remained connected by gene flow after they diverged about 45,000 years ago, we present evidence for Y chromosomal introgression of Przewalski horses into the gene pool of European domestic horses at least until medieval times.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete synthetic seismograms for a spherically symmetric earth by a numerical computation of the Green's function in the frequency domain (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 122 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We present a new method to calculate complete synthetic seismograms for a spherically symmetric earth model which uses neither eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions nor an earth-flattening transformation. The response of the earth to a moment tensor point source is evaluated in the frequency domain for both spheroidal and toroidal motion by numerical integration of the appropriate system of ordinary differential equations with source term and summation over vector spherical harmonics. Attenuation is included by using complex elastic moduli. Owing to the discrete sampling of the response in the frequency domain, the numerical effort is proportional to the length of the desired time series for a fixed maximum frequency. This makes the method much more efficient than normal-mode calculations for higher frequency applications, where often seismogram lengths of 20 to 40 min are sufficient. Since the angular degree of the spherical harmonics provide a natural discretization in the wavenumber domain, spatial aliasing is unimportant. Time aliasing is suppressed by evaluating the response at complex frequencies with constant imaginary part.We have compared synthetic seismograms obtained by the new method with normal-mode seismograms up to a frequency of 20 mHz and achieve excellent agreement for all three components. The accuracy of the method is further corroborated by comparisons with real data up to a frequency of 200 mHz. We tested the numerical scheme up to frequencies of 1 Hz and harmonic degrees of 12 000 and did not find any numerical instabilities. Incidentally, the approach sheds some light on how normal modes make up body waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb07012.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guided wave propagation across sharp lateral heterogeneities: the complete wavefield at plane vertical discontinuities (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 109 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: 3-D wave propagation in a waveguide composed of laterally homogeneous partitions separated by vertical interfaces is treated in an exact manner. In each laterally homogeneous subregion, the wavefield is represented by Love- and Rayleigh-type modes, combined in such a way that displacements and tractions are continuous at the vertical discontinuities. In order to achieve exact continuity at the interfaces, near-field modes which exponentially decay in the propagation direction and are associated to fully complex wavenumbers, must be included in the modal representation. The expansion coefficients of the mode series are computed directly by exploiting orthogonality relations between modes of different type, order and propagation direction. Since the boundary conditions at the discontinuities are satisfied exactly, the resulting expansion of the wavefield is valid even on the interfaces themselves. Numerical results are presented for a single vertical discontinuity and a lamella.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00088.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guided wave propagation across sharp lateral heterogeneities: the complete wavefield at a cylindrical inclusion (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 111 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We present an exact treatment of wave propagation across a cylindrical inclusion embedded in a layered waveguide, which may serve as a test case allowing an estimation of the accuracy and validity range of approximation methods applied to surface wave propagation. Since, in contrast to a plane vertical interface, a cylindrical inclusion is of finite spatial extent, the test case presented here is especially well suited to assess the quality of approaches based on scattering theory.The wavefield is represented by Love and Rayleigh type modes. A 3-D orthonormality relation is derived, expressed as an integral over the cylinder surface which allows a direct and unique computation of basis solutions. After solving a linear system of equations these basis solutions are superimposed to form the complete wavefield both within and outside the cylinder. It is shown that exact continuity of displacements and tractions at the interface can not be achieved with propagating modes only. Non-propagating modes, which have complex wavenumbers and hence decay in the propagation direction, have to be included in the modal series. In contrast to propagating modes, complex modes have vanishing energy flux.Numerical results are presented for a layered halfspace, where only propagating modes were used, and for a layered waveguide for various sizes of the cylindrical inclusion. Astonishingly, vertical and horizontal displacements behave very differently. For instance, the scattered vertical displacement generated by an incoming Rayleigh fundamental mode is clearly dominated by the mode itself, while the scattered horizontal displacement is severely influenced by the excited higher Rayleigh modes. This might explain the difficulties met when interpreting horizontal components of surface wave data within a single-mode concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb02105.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpretation of seismic surface waves in regional networks: joint estimation of wavefield geometry and local phase velocity. Method and numerical tests (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 120 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Teleseismic surface waves in general strongly deviate from plane waves as is evident from the analysis of surface-wave data recorded with dense networks. This causes conventional, ray-based tomographic techniques to break down if applied to network surface-wave data. We present a new inversion method based on the acoustic-wave equation and applicable to vertical-component surface-wave data which successfully deals with non-plane wavefield geometries.The basic idea of the method is a joint estimation of the incoming wavefield and heterogeneous structure within the network region. Crucial to the success of the method is an adequate parametrization of the incoming wavefield which is realized using Hermite-Gaussian basis functions. Additionally, we apply a constraint on the wavefield parameters that expresses the idea that the samples of the wavefield taken at the station locations should be representative for the wavefield in the whole network region. In this way, wavefields that show stronger fluctuations in spectral amplitude than observed at the stations are rejected. To represent heterogeneous structure within the network region we use an expansion into 2-D Hermite-Gaussian functions.Provided that the density of stations is sufficient, the proposed method retrieves heterogeneous structure in the network region very well. It is not sensitive to noise or non-uniform azimuthal coverage of earthquakes. Moreover, it yields smoothed versions of the true model if the roughness of the latter has been underestimated in the inversion. Conversely, if the true model is much smoother than anticipated, inspection of the trade-off between model smoothness and data misfit allows us to find the correct model.The limiting factor for the inversion is the density of stations, which must allow for a reliable interpolation of the observed wavefield within the network. Therefore, in order to perform regional surface-wave studies it is essential to deploy seismic stations in the region of interest itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb01849.x
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