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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (9)
  • 1
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    Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-05
    Description: Static and dynamic mechanical deflections were electrically induced in cantilevered, multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a transmission electron microscope. The nanotubes were resonantly excited at the fundamental frequency and higher harmonics as revealed by their deflected contours, which correspond closely to those determined for cantilevered elastic beams. The elastic bending modulus as a function of diameter was found to decrease sharply (from about 1 to 0.1 terapascals) with increasing diameter (from 8 to 40 nanometers), which indicates a crossover from a uniform elastic mode to an elastic mode that involves wavelike distortions in the nanotube. The quality factors of the resonances are on the order of 500. The methods developed here have been applied to a nanobalance for nanoscopic particles and also to a Kelvin probe based on nanotubes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poncharal -- Wang -- Ugarte -- de Heer WA -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1513-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA. Laboratorio National de Luz Sincrotron, Cx P.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berger, Claire -- Song, Zhimin -- Li, Xuebin -- Wu, Xiaosong -- Brown, Nate -- Naud, Cecile -- Mayou, Didier -- Li, Tianbo -- Hass, Joanna -- Marchenkov, Alexei N -- Conrad, Edward H -- First, Phillip N -- de Heer, Walt A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1191-6. Epub 2006 Apr 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614173" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 3
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    Observing the quantization of zero mass carriers in graphene (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-16
    Description: Application of a magnetic field to conductors causes the charge carriers to circulate in cyclotron orbits with quantized energies called Landau levels (LLs). These are equally spaced in normal metals and two-dimensional electron gases. In graphene, however, the charge carrier velocity is independent of their energy (like massless photons). Consequently, the LL energies are not equally spaced and include a characteristic zero-energy state (the n = 0 LL). With the use of scanning tunneling spectroscopy of graphene grown on silicon carbide, we directly observed the discrete, non-equally-spaced energy-level spectrum of LLs, including the hallmark zero-energy state of graphene. We also detected characteristic magneto-oscillations in the tunneling conductance and mapped the electrostatic potential of graphene by measuring spatial variations in the energy of the n = 0 LL.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, David L -- Kubista, Kevin D -- Rutter, Gregory M -- Ruan, Ming -- de Heer, Walt A -- First, Phillip N -- Stroscio, Joseph A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):924-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1171810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 4
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    Nanoscale tunable reduction of graphene oxide for graphene electronics (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: The reduced form of graphene oxide (GO) is an attractive alternative to graphene for producing large-scale flexible conductors and for creating devices that require an electronic gap. We report on a means to tune the topographical and electrical properties of reduced GO (rGO) with nanoscopic resolution by local thermal reduction of GO with a heated atomic force microscope tip. The rGO regions are up to four orders of magnitude more conductive than pristine GO. No sign of tip wear or sample tearing was observed. Variably conductive nanoribbons with dimensions down to 12 nanometers could be produced in oxidized epitaxial graphene films in a single step that is clean, rapid, and reliable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wei, Zhongqing -- Wang, Debin -- Kim, Suenne -- Kim, Soo-Young -- Hu, Yike -- Yakes, Michael K -- Laracuente, Arnaldo R -- Dai, Zhenting -- Marder, Seth R -- Berger, Claire -- King, William P -- de Heer, Walter A -- Sheehan, Paul E -- Riedo, Elisa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1373-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1188119.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6177, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 5
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    Ferroelectricity in free niobium clusters (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: Electric deflections of gas-phase, cryogenically cooled, neutral niobium clusters [NbN; number of atoms (N) = 2 to 150, temperature (T) = 20to 300kelvin], measured in molecular beams, show that cold clusters may attain an anomalous component with very large electric dipole moments. In contrast, room-temperature measurements show normal metallic polarizabilities. Characteristic energies kBTG(N) [Boltzmann constant kB times a transition temperature TG(N)] are identified, below which the ferroelectric-like state develops. Generally, TG decreases [110 〉 TG(N) 〉 10K] as N increases, with pronounced even-odd alternations for N 〉 38. This new state of metallic matter may be related to bulk superconductivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moro, Ramiro -- Xu, Xiaoshan -- Yin, Shuangye -- de Heer, Walt A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1265-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, 30332-0430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 6
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    Liquid carbon, carbon-glass beads, and the crystallization of carbon nanotubes (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-12
    Description: The formation of carbon nanotubes in a pure carbon arc in a helium atmosphere is found to involve liquid carbon. Electron microscopy shows a viscous liquid-like amorphous carbon layer covering the surfaces of nanotube-containing millimeter-sized columnar structures from which the cathode deposit is composed. Regularly spaced, submicrometer-sized spherical beads of amorphous carbon are often found on the nanotubes at the surfaces of these columns. Apparently, at the anode, liquid-carbon drops form, which acquire a carbon-glass surface due to rapid evaporative cooling. Nanotubes crystallize inside the supercooled, glass-coated liquid-carbon drops. The carbon-glass layer ultimately coats and beads on the nanotubes near the surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Heer, Walt A -- Poncharal, Philippe -- Berger, Claire -- Gezo, Joseph -- Song, Zhimin -- Bettini, Jefferson -- Ugarte, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):907-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. walt.deheer@physics.gatech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
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    Carbon nanotubes--the route toward applications (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baughman, Ray H -- Zakhidov, Anvar A -- de Heer, Walt A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):787-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA. ray.baughman@utdallas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
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    Nanocapillarity and Chemistry in Carbon Nanotubes (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-12-13
    Description: Open carbon nanotubes were filled with molten silver nitrate by capillary forces. Only those tubes with inner diameters of 4 nanometers or more were filled, suggesting a capillarity size dependence as a result of the lowering of the nanotube-salt interface energy with increasing curvature of the nanotube walls. Nanotube cavities should also be less chemically reactive than graphite and may serve as nanosize test tubes. This property has been illustrated by monitoring the decomposition of silver nitrate within nanotubes in situ in an electron microscope, which produced chains of silver nanobeads separated by high-pressure gas pockets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ugarte -- Chatelain -- de Heer WA -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Dec 13;274(5294):1897-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉D. Ugarte, Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (CNPq/MCT), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas SP, Brazil. A. Chatelain, Institut de Physique Experimentale, Departement Physique, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. W. A. de Heer, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8943200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 9
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    Magnetism from the atom to the bulk in iron, cobalt, and nickel clusters (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: Molecular beam deflection measurements of small iron, cobalt, and nickel clusters show how magnetism develops as the cluster size is increased from several tens to several hundreds of atoms for temperatures between 80 and 1000 K. Ferromagnetism occurs even for the smallest sizes: for clusters with fewer than about 30 atoms the magnetic moments are atomlike; as the size is increased up to 700 atoms, the magnetic moments approach the bulk limit, with oscillations probably caused by surface-induced spin-density waves. The trends are explained in a magnetic shell model. A crystallographic phase transition from high moment to low moment in iron clusters has also been identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Billas, I M -- Chatelain, A -- de Heer, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1682-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17770895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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