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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-10-08
    Description: We report the detection of pulsed gamma rays from the Crab pulsar at energies above 100 giga-electron volts (GeV) with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) array of atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The detection cannot be explained on the basis of current pulsar models. The photon spectrum of pulsed emission between 100 mega-electron volts and 400 GeV is described by a broken power law that is statistically preferred over a power law with an exponential cutoff. It is unlikely that the observation can be explained by invoking curvature radiation as the origin of the observed gamma rays above 100 GeV. Our findings require that these gamma rays be produced more than 10 stellar radii from the neutron star.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉VERITAS Collaboration -- Aliu, E -- Arlen, T -- Aune, T -- Beilicke, M -- Benbow, W -- Bouvier, A -- Bradbury, S M -- Buckley, J H -- Bugaev, V -- Byrum, K -- Cannon, A -- Cesarini, A -- Christiansen, J L -- Ciupik, L -- Collins-Hughes, E -- Connolly, M P -- Cui, W -- Dickherber, R -- Duke, C -- Errando, M -- Falcone, A -- Finley, J P -- Finnegan, G -- Fortson, L -- Furniss, A -- Galante, N -- Gall, D -- Gibbs, K -- Gillanders, G H -- Godambe, S -- Griffin, S -- Grube, J -- Guenette, R -- Gyuk, G -- Hanna, D -- Holder, J -- Huan, H -- Hughes, G -- Hui, C M -- Humensky, T B -- Imran, A -- Kaaret, P -- Karlsson, N -- Kertzman, M -- Kieda, D -- Krawczynski, H -- Krennrich, F -- Lang, M J -- Lyutikov, M -- Madhavan, A S -- Maier, G -- Majumdar, P -- McArthur, S -- McCann, A -- McCutcheon, M -- Moriarty, P -- Mukherjee, R -- Nunez, P -- Ong, R A -- Orr, M -- Otte, A N -- Park, N -- Perkins, J S -- Pizlo, F -- Pohl, M -- Prokoph, H -- Quinn, J -- Ragan, K -- Reyes, L C -- Reynolds, P T -- Roache, E -- Rose, H J -- Ruppel, J -- Saxon, D B -- Schroedter, M -- Sembroski, G H -- Senturk, G D -- Smith, A W -- Staszak, D -- Tesic, G -- Theiling, M -- Thibadeau, S -- Tsurusaki, K -- Tyler, J -- Varlotta, A -- Vassiliev, V V -- Vincent, S -- Vivier, M -- Wakely, S P -- Ward, J E -- Weekes, T C -- Weinstein, A -- Weisgarber, T -- Williams, D A -- Zitzer, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):69-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1208192.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is responsible for depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉) during Wallerian degeneration associated with neuropathies. Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger localized cell death to restrict pathogen infection. Both processes depend on closely related Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains in these proteins, which, as we show, feature self-association–dependent NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 cleavage activity associated with cell death signaling. We further show that SARM1 SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains form an octamer essential for axon degeneration that contributes to TIR domain enzymatic activity. The crystal structures of ribose and NADP〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) complexes of SARM1 and plant NLR RUN1 TIR domains, respectively, reveal a conserved substrate binding site. NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 cleavage by TIR domains is therefore a conserved feature of animal and plant cell death signaling pathways.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-08-14
    Description: Phytochromes are light sensor proteins found in plants, bacteria, and fungi. They function by converting a photon absorption event into a conformational signal that propagates from the chromophore through the entire protein. However, the structure of the photoactivated state and the conformational changes that lead to it are not known. We report time-resolved x-ray scattering of the full-length phytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans on micro- and millisecond time scales. We identify a twist of the histidine kinase output domains with respect to the chromophore-binding domains as the dominant change between the photoactivated and resting states. The time-resolved data further show that the structural changes up to the microsecond time scales are small and localized in the chromophore-binding domains. The global structural change occurs within a few milliseconds, coinciding with the formation of the spectroscopic meta-Rc state. Our findings establish key elements of the signaling mechanism of full-length bacterial phytochromes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-06-07
    Description: We report superconductivity and magnetism in a new family of topological semimetals, the ternary half-Heusler compound R PdBi ( R : rare earth). In this series, tuning of the rare earth f -electron component allows for simultaneous control of both lattice density via lanthanide contraction and the strength of magnetic interaction via de Gennes scaling, allowing for a unique tuning of the normal-state band inversion strength, superconducting pairing, and magnetically ordered ground states. Antiferromagnetism with ordering vector (1/2,1/2,1/2) occurs below a Néel temperature that scales with de Gennes factor dG, whereas a superconducting transition is simultaneously supressed with increasing dG . With superconductivity appearing in a system with noncentrosymmetric crystallographic symmetry, the possibility of spin-triplet Cooper pairing with nontrivial topology analogous to that predicted for the normal-state electronic structure provides a unique and rich opportunity to realize both predicted and new exotic excitations in topological materials.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Wu 〈i〉et al〈/i〉. (Reports, 31 August 2018, p. 912) claim that recently characterized octacarbonyls of Ca, Sr, and Ba mimic the classical Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson bonding motif of transition metals. This claim, which contradicts known chemistry and computed electron density distributions, originates in the assumption of a flawed reference state for energy decomposition analyses.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Sex differences abound in human health and disease, as they do in other mammals used as models. The extent to which sex differences are conserved at the molecular level across species and tissues is unknown. We surveyed sex differences in gene expression in human, macaque, mouse, rat, and dog, across 12 tissues. In each tissue, we identified hundreds of genes with conserved sex-biased expression—findings that, combined with genomic analyses of human height, explain ~12% of the difference in height between females and males. We surmise that conserved sex biases in expression of genes otherwise operating equivalently in females and males contribute to sex differences in traits. However, most sex-biased expression arose during the mammalian radiation, which suggests that careful attention to interspecies divergence is needed when modeling human sex differences.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Cryptochromes are blue-light photoreceptor proteins, which provide input to circadian clocks. The cryptochrome from 〈i〉Drosophila melanogaster〈/i〉 (〈i〉Dm〈/i〉Cry) modulates the degradation of Timeless and itself. It is unclear how light absorption by the chromophore and the subsequent redox reactions trigger these events. Here, we use nano- to millisecond time-resolved x-ray solution scattering to reveal the light-activated conformational changes in 〈i〉Dm〈/i〉Cry and the related (6-4) photolyase. 〈i〉Dm〈/i〉Cry undergoes a series of structural changes, culminating in the release of the carboxyl-terminal tail (CTT). The photolyase has a simpler structural response. We find that the CTT release in 〈i〉Dm〈/i〉Cry depends on pH. Mutation of a conserved histidine, important for the biochemical activity of 〈i〉Dm〈/i〉Cry, does not affect transduction of the structural signal to the CTT. Instead, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that it stabilizes the CTT in the resting-state conformation. Our structural photocycle unravels the first molecular events of signal transduction in an animal cryptochrome.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: Many papers have referred to a "Medieval Warm Period." But how well defined is climate in this period, and was it as warm as or warmer than it is today? In their Perspective, Bradley et al. review the evidence and conclude that although the High Medieval (1100 to 1200 A.D.) was warmer than subsequent centuries, it was not warmer than the late 20th century. Moreover, the warmest Medieval temperatures were not synchronous around the globe. Large changes in precipitation patterns are a particular characteristic of "High Medieval" time. The underlying mechanisms for such changes must be elucidated further to inform the ongoing debate on natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradley, Raymond S -- Hughes, Malcolm K -- Diaz, Henry F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):404-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate System Research Center, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. rbradley@geo.umass.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: Stable delivery of a therapeutic protein under pharmacologic control was achieved through in vivo somatic gene transfer. This system was based on the expression of two chimeric, human-derived proteins that were reconstituted by rapamycin into a transcription factor complex. A mixture of two adeno-associated virus vectors, one expressing the transcription factor chimeras and one containing erythropoietin (Epo) under the control of a promoter responsive to the transcription factor, was injected into skeletal muscle of immune-competent mice. Administration of rapamycin resulted in 200-fold induction of plasma Epo. Stable engraftment of this humanized system in immune-competent mice was achieved for 6 months with similar results for at least 3 months in a rhesus monkey.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ye, X -- Rivera, V M -- Zoltick, P -- Cerasoli, F Jr -- Schnell, M A -- Gao, G -- Hughes, J V -- Gilman, M -- Wilson, J M -- P01 AR/NS43648-03/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK47757-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Erythropoietin/administration & dosage/blood/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Hematocrit ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Infectious diseases are the third leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause worldwide. As the new millennium approaches, the public health community must replenish capacity depleted during years of inadequate funding while simultaneously incorporating new technologies and planning for the longer term. Among the challenges facing the public health community is the need for coordinated, global, multisectoral approaches to preventing and controlling complex infectious disease problems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Binder, S -- Levitt, A M -- Sacks, J J -- Hughes, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1311-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), F-22, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. scb1@cdc.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communicable Disease Control/trends ; *Communicable Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Environmental Health ; Global Health ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; *Public Health Practice ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States/epidemiology ; Vaccination
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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