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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entwicklung der Jagdpachtpreise in Bund und Ländern (1963)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 9 (1963), S. 138-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After the compilation of detail results out of 5800 shooting districts very reliable dates concerning the development of rents paids for shooting rights within the Federal Republic can be now stated for the first time. In the mayor part of common shooting districts the first period of lease began-after having regained shooting rights-in April 1952 and expired in March 1961. For the period of the minimum lease of 9 years as prescribed by the German legislation (for the relatively few shooting districts with prevailing deer population it amounts to 12 years) usually a constant yearly rent is agreed to between leaseholder and lessor. Comparing the average prices agreed to during the period expired and the present one there resulted an increase of the rent level within the Federal Republic of a 125%: The rent for 1 ha shooting territory increased from originally DM 1,55 to DM 3,48. It is true, however, that the increase within the different Federal countries differs widely because of reasons of different incomes and different density of population. Extremes are to be found in the poor agricultural country of Schleswig-Holstein with a shooting rent of DM 1,60 compared to a five times higher average value of DM 7,96 within the rich industrial country of Nordrhein-Westfalen.
    Abstract: Résumé Après avoir exploité les résultats individuels émanant de 5800 terrains de chasse il est pour la première fois possible à donner des indications exactes sur le développement des baux de location pour terrains de chasse dans la République Fédérale. Pour le parti prépondérant des terrains de chasse collectifs la première période de location commenca-après avor repris la souveraineté de chasse-en avril 1952 pour finir au mois de mars 1961. On négocie en général un prix annuel constant entre le propiétaire et le locataire pour la durée minimum du bail de location de neuf ans, durée prescrite par le législateur allemand (pour les relativement rares terrains de chasse en gros gibier cette durée comporte 12 ans). Une confrontation des prix moyens de la période écoulée avec ceux de la période courante accusait pour le territoire de la République Fédérale une hausse du niveau des baux de location de 125 pourcent: le bail de location pour un hectar de chasse lucrative montait de 1,55 DM au début à 3,48 DM. Il faut cependant ajoutér, que dû aux renenus différents et la densité de la population cette hausse variait dans les diverses pays fédéraux. Les extrèmes se trouvent dans le pauvre pays agricole de Schleswig-Holstein avec un bail de location pour terrain de chasse de 1,60 DM, à qui est opposé une valeur moyenne de 5 fois plus élevé soit de 7,96 DM pour le riche pays industriel de Nordrhein-Westfalen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Auswertung der Einzelergebnisse aus 5800 Jagdrevieren können nunmehr erstmalig in der Bundesrepublik recht verläßliche Angaben über die Pachtpreisentwicklung für Jagdnutzung gemacht werden. Im überwiegenden Teil der gemeinschaftlichen Jagdbezirke begann die erste Pachtperiode-nach Wiedererlangung der Jagdhoheit-im April 1952 und lief im März 1961 aus. Für die Dauer der vom deutschen Gesetzgeber vorgeschriebenen neunjährigen Mindestpachtzeit (für die relativ wenigen Hochwildreviere beträgt sie 12 Jahre) wird in der Regel ein konstanter jährlicher Preis zwischen Verpächter und Pächter ausgehandelt. Bei einer Gegenüberstellung der durchschnittlichen Preise der abgelaufenen mit der gegenwärtigen Periode ergab sich für das Bundesgebiet ein Anstieg des Pachtpreisniveaus um 125 Prozent: Der Preis für das Hektar jagdlicher Nutzfläche kletterte von ursprünglich 1,55 DM auf 3,48 DM. Allerdings ist die Steigerung in den einzelnen Bundesländern aus Gründen unterschiedlicher Einkommen und Siedlungsdichte sehr ungleichmäßig verlaufen. Die Extreme finden sich in dem armen Agrarland Schleswig-Holstein mit einem Jagdpachtpreis von 1,60 DM, dem ein fünfmal höherer Durchschnittswert von 7,96 DM im reichen Industrieland Nordrhein-Westfalen gegenübersteht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a vulcanizate of the halogenated butyl rubber, MD-551. I. Gum properties (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 322-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have found that vulcanizates of MD-551 and butyl rubber at identical crosslink densities have similar properties in low deformation tests at room temperatures. At high extension, the butyl has considerably higher tensile strength which we have associated with crystallization. The MD-551, on the other hand, shows heat stability far superior to that of butyl. It is postulated here that both these differences follow from the nature of the crosslinks in each polymer. The crosslinks in the MD-551 are thought to be both mechanically and chemically more stable than those in butyl. This prevents crystallization on stretching and enhances high temperature stability. Thus far, we have been concerned only with the gum properties of the MD-551. From our previous work, we would expect carbon black to improve the tensile properties of MD-551. Furture work will therefore be concerned with properties of reinforced MD-551. In addition, studies will be made in order to learn more about the crosslinks and how they affect vulcanizate performance.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051512
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of elastomers to any forcing function (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4 (1960), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic behavior of elastomers is usually studied in terms of a sinusoidal system. The theoretical and practical limitations of such analysis are discussed. A method which permits calculation of dynamic properties over a wide range of frequencies and forcing functions is described. The theoretical justification and limitations as well as the experimental setup are presented. Using SBR, natural rubber, and butyl, examples of the dynamic responses for various forcing functions are shown. The analogue computer is used to show properties of the above described rubbers which are useful from both the theoretical and application-oriented viewpoints.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1960.070041204
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note regarding thermodynamics of crystalline copolymers (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 62 (1962), S. S145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1206217457
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The swelling of polymer solvents. III. Sorption of liquids by elastomers (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 58 (1962), S. 1141-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sorption of liquids by elastomers is advanced as a means of studying polymer structure. Liquids represent a wider versatility in this regard over vapors since they allow choices of molecular sizes, shapes, and configurational distributions, and thermal effects not available with vapors. Configurations, coiling versus stretched-out molecules, are examined and shown to be of considerable importance in the sorption process. The problem of determination of the concentration dependence is attacked by use of a binary solution as a sorbent or swelling agent. The binary solution is so chosen that one liquid may be considered the solvent and the other liquid a nonsolvent for the particular elastomer. The ternary solution of butyl network - hexane - acetone was used in sorption experiments at 25°C. The total uptake of the binary liquid was measured from zero time to equilibrium in an optical swelling apparatus. Simultaneously, the composition of the binary liquid sorbed at any time was measured in a recording differential refractometer. The two sets of data were combined to calculate the ratio of the two liquids sorbed. The dilution procedure succeeded in varying the apparent activity of the solvent hexane. Preferential sorption of hexane was observed, but significant amounts of the nonsolvent acetone enter the network. The known equilibrium uptake values of hexane from the binary solutions are used to determine the concentration dependence of the diffusion of liquid hexane in a butyl network at 25°C. D0 = 2 × 10-9 cm.2 sec.-1 and a concentration dependence of 10 were obtained by this method. “Activities” for the hexane in the diluted form are calculated for an elastically calibrated network. The activities for the entire concentration range studied agree well with those of a comparable swollen polymer - liquid system such as natural rubber - benzene vapor. Test of the generality of the present method is suggested. Such a test would involve examination of the dependence of the hexane activities so calculated on the nature of the nonsolvent used in the binary liquid.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1962.1205816671
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steric structures in copolymerization (1963)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 1601-1608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using normal copolymerization equations we have developed graphical techniques for predicting the amount of crystallinity in ethylene-propylene copolymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1963.100010512
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure effects and related polymer properties in polybutadiene. I. Preparation and characterization (1963)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 2945-2964 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stereoregular polybutadienes, of both high trans and high cis contents, were isomerized to provide polymers of varying cis-trans content. These isomerizates were used to study structural effects on physical properties. The isomerizations were carried out under photosensitized conditions in benzene solution at 25°C. The reaction was controlled to deliver polymers over the range 0-95% trans content. This range was selected to provide crystalline and semicrystalline polymers whose structures could be examined in terms of sequencing or blocking by established x-ray techniques. Isomer contents were measured accurately by infrared traces. Isomerizations reached an equilibrium of 77% trans regardless of whether the reaction started with high trans or high cis polybutadienes. Intrinsic viscosity was found to increase regularly with trans content in conformity with the larger size of the trans unit. ηsp/c versus c relations were observed to give a complicated form and this subject was deferred for further study. Crystallinity decreased regularly with reduced trans content as the equilibrium of 77% trans was approached. Continued isomerization at the point of equilibrium produced a completely amorphous polymer. The melting temperatures of the crystalline polymers were studied in detail by x-ray camera and counting techniques. These polymers exhibited two crystal forms. One form was stable up to 60°C. and invariant with cis-trans content in the range 80-95% trans. Below 80% trans the melting point of this form decreased with further reduction in trans content. The melting temperature of the other crystal form was dependent on trans content and decreased with decreased trans content until it coincided with the melting temperature of the other form. The distributions of trans and cis units and sequences of them were calculated through construction of matrices of transition probabilities. Copolymer theory was invoked to calculate pseudo reactivity ratios for the trans and cis forms. The melting temperatures of the two crystals were found to follow the predicted curves for random copolymers, although not simultaneously. This behavior is discussed. The crystallinity of the isomerizates of high trans content was found to be similar to block copolymers in spite of the fact that the method of their preparation would require that they be characterized as random. The importance of a crystal transition in this case is stressed along with the general effects due to the amount and type of the noncrystallizable unit.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1963.100010916
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distinction between terminal and penultimate copolymerization models (1964)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 2 (1964), S. 1687-1698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An examination of the usual terminal and penultimate mechanisms of copolymerization shows that, for a great many comonomer pairs, copolymer composition data are not sufficient to choose one model over the other. The reactivity ratios based on one copolymerization model can be derived from the reactivity ratios of the other model. Predicted copolymer composition, based on both models, will agree with the observed experimental data within the precision of the usual methods used for copolymer analysis. Hypothetical cases and examples from the literature all show this behavior. The literature comonomer systems were α-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile, and styrene with maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, and acrylonitrile. Polymer structure, however, predicted by the two mechanisms do differ appreciably in detail. In particular, predictions of the sequential arrangements of the monomers in the copolymers produced are different for the terminal and penultimate mechanisms. It would seem that the development of experimental procedures for determining the sequential arrangement of the comonomers will be necessary before one can easily and definitely distinguish between terminal and penultimate copolymerization models for a particular system.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1964.100020413
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pyrolysis of elastomer-metal halide mixtures (1964)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 2 (1964), S. 873-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1964.110020909
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  • 10
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    ON THE CHARACTERISTIC OF POSITIVELY-PINCHED RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS (1962)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1962-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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