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  • Springer  (368)
  • 1980-1984  (297)
  • 1965-1969  (71)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Throughout 1981, the first routine collections of a variety of fish were made under the McMurdo Ice Shelf near White Island, Antarctica. Estimates of their local biomass were calculated using food consumption patterns of resident seals. Since no significant primary production occurs at White Island, the resident fauna must be maintained by a large nutrient influx from the Ross Sea.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1967-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0013-0001
    Electronic ISSN: 1874-9364
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1984-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0722-4060
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-2056
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 161 (1968), S. 209-240 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eier vonCalliphora wurden (I.) im Vorblastodermstadium mit Polzellen, (II.) während der Differenzierung des Blastoderms und des Beginns der Primitivrinnenbildung und (III.) während des Schichtenbaues und der Streckung des Keimstreifs rückwärts auf die dorsale Eiseite operiert. Das Chorion wurde abgeschält, der Vorderpol bis zu 1/3 der Eilänge gekappt, und das Eifragment vorsichtig aus dem steifen sog. Dotterhäutchen ausgedrückt. Für die Weiterentwicklung wurden Steriltechnik, Kulturmedien und verschiedene Unterlagen im hängenden Tropfen erprobt. In den meisten Fällen war eine physiologische Salzlösung mit Zuckerzusatz und ein Stückchen Cellophanpapier benutzt worden. Als Kontrollversuche zur Entwicklung der „Explantate“ dienten vorn angestochene Eier und Posteriorfragmente mit ihrer Vitellinmembran, die zu gleicher Zeit und auf gleiche Weise im hängenden Tropfen kultiviert wurden. Der Entwicklungsablauf in vitro wurde am lebenden Objekt beobachtet und nach Fixierung in Schnittpräparaten lichtmikroskopisch ausgewertet. Kein Medium ist optimal gewesen. Junge Explantate werden etwas flacher und kleben an der Unterlage. Die Kontrollfragmente entwickeln sich im allgemeinen besser als die zugehörigen Explantate. Der Keim ragt manchmal aus der Vitellinmembranhülse heraus. Explantate des I. Operationsstadiums vermehren die Kerne nicht und vollenden nicht die Bildung der Zellgrenzen, sondern reduzieren sie. Geringe Kontraktionen des Eimaterials kommen vor, Gestaltungsbewegungen aber nicht. — InKontrollfragmenten schreitet die Bildung und Differenzierung des Blastoderms fort, die Gastrulationshewegungen werden in stark verkürzten Eiern abnorm. Explantate des II. Operationsstadiums entwickeln sich irregulär weiter, wenn sie noch nicht mit der Bildung der Primitivrinne begonnen hatten. Bei Beginn des Schichtenbaues operierte Eier können einen segmentierten Keimstreif bilden, der sich aber am Hinterpol nicht typisch dorsal wendet. Die Serosa ist oft geschwollen. Nicht unterlagertes Mesoderm bleibt bis auf eine kleine Portion untypischer somatischer Muskulatur nahe den Neuromeren undifferenziert. Die klaffenden Seitenplatten können sich zu Epidermis und Tracheen sowie zu je einem halben Nervensystem mit aufeinanderfolgenden Knotenpaaren differenzieren. Auch ohne Blastokinese können dorsolaterale Falten erscheinen, die mehr oder weniger deutlich in 4–5 ventrolaterale Segmentfurchen übergehen. Verspätet treten noch 1–2 Segmentanlagen vor der hinteren Entodermanlage auf. Das Einstülpen der hinteren Mitteldarmanlage und des Proktodaeum gelingt nicht. Schon die vor dem Auftreten der Primitivrinne operiertenKontrollfragmente können Schichtenbau, Segmentierung und Organdifferenzierung vollziehen, allerdings gelingt manchmal die Unterlagerung des Mesoderms nicht. Selbst ein normal ausgebildeter Keimstreif streckt sich in der Vitellinmembran-Hülse oft nicht mit einer Dorsalwendung des Hinterendes. Die dorsolateralen Falten sind oft irregulär oder fehlen ganz. Das Proktodaeum und eventuell ein Teil des Mitteldarmes werden manchmal ausgestülpt. Explantate des III. Operationsstadiums können sich bis zum schlupfreifen Zustand weiterentwickeln, aber das dorsal gewendete Keimstreifhinterende zieht sich etwas zurück. Allem Anschein nach entsprechen die dorsolateralen Falten primitiven Segmentfurchen. Das im ganzen dorsal gekrümmte Fragment verkürzt sich zur normalen Zeit vor der Ausbildung des Rückens. Der Enddarm hat sich oft nicht ein- sondern ausgestülpt. Auch bei denKontrollfragmenten kann das Hinterende sich nicht vollständig dorsal gestreckt haben. Im allgemeinen entwickeln sich die Kontrollen normal weiter. DasEktoderm differenziert sich in Fragmenten ohne und mit Dottermembran-Hülse ganz entsprechend dem Normalfall zu Epidermis, Nervenganglien, Tracheen, Speicheldrüsen und Enddarmepithel mit Malpighi-Gefäßen. DasMesoderm hat sich in Explantaten nur zu untypischen Muskelzügen differenziert, soweit es nahe den Ganglien liegt. DasEntoderm bleibt in Explantaten undifferenziert. Die Diskussion der morphogenetischen Probleme, zu deren Lösung diese Ergebnisse in vitro beitragen können, hat zu folgendenSchlußfolgerungen geführt. Die Anteriorschnittversuche erlauben noch nicht, einen blastodermalen Anlagenplan abzuleiten. Der Innendruck des Eies ist nicht eine entscheidende Bedingung für normale Weiterentwicklung. Die Begrenzung des Eiraumes durch das Dotterhäutchen ist wichtig für die Gestaltungsbewegungen bei der Bildung der Zellmembranen des Blastoderms, beim Schichtenbau und beim Dorsalwenden des sich streckenden Keimstreifendes. Dynamische Faktoren für den Beginn der Gastrulation sind weniger im Dotterentoplasmasystem als in den Blastodermzellen zu suchen. Abnorme Gestaltungsbewegungen werden begleitet von abnormer Zellformung. Das Ektoderm ist selbstdifferenzierungsfähig; abortiv gastruliertes Mesoderm kann sich nur in der Nachbarschaft von Ganglienmaterial zu Muskelanlagen differenzieren. Die Proktodaealanlage kann sich nur im dorsal gestreckten Keimstreif richtig einstülpen. Mesoderminvagination ist eine Vorbedingung für die Segmentierung des Keimstreifs. Dorsolaterale Querfalten können in Explantaten auch ohne dorsale Keimstreifstreckung entstehen. Sie gehen auch oft, wenn sie schon beim Explantieren angedeutet sind, in ventrolaterale primitive Segmentgrenzen über, die anscheinend zwischen Paaren aufeinanderfolgender, definitiver Segmentanlagen einfurchen. Die Verkürzung des segmentierten Keimstreifs erfolgt unabhängig von der Vitellinmembranwand.
    Notes: Summary Eggs ofCalliphora were operated (I) at the undifferentiated blastoderm stage, (II) after blastoderm differentiation and in the stages showing border furrows and the beginnings of gastrulation, and (III) during forward extension of the posterior germ band region along the dorsal egg surface. The operation consisted of cutting off up to 1/3 of the egg anteriorly and removing the posterior egg fragment from the vitelline membrane for culture in a hanging drop. As control experiments for the “explanted” egg fragments, anteriorly pricked eggs and corresponding posterior fragments not removed from the vitelline membrane were cultured in hanging drops. Different technical prerequisites for the sterile culture ofCalliphora embryo fragmentsin vitro were tested. Development of the living embryo fragments was followed, and representative embryos fixed and microscopically examined for comparison with normally developing embryos. In explants I cell formation in the blastoderm did not reach completion and the blastoderm nuclei did not divide further. Slight contractions of parts of the preblastoderm did occur, but no morphogenetic movements. —In control fragments cell formation mostly proceeded further, but gastrulation was abortive except in large fragments. In explants II, irregular immigration of mesoderm cells was possible in fragments explanted before mesoderm groove initiation, but the explants did not develop further. Invagination of mesoderm through a groove, followed by segmentation of the germ band and some differentiation, was possible only in explants operated after initiation of groove formation. The germ band did not extend antero-dorsally, but became folded laterally, these folds foreshadowing the intersegmental boundaries formed later. Organogenesis and histological differentiation were in many respects abnormal. — In contrast, mesoderm invagination and initiation of germ band extension were possiblein control fragments operated before mesoderm groove initiation, although abnormalities in gastrulation were common. Explants III, despite cessation of germ band extension after explantation, often underwent further development resulting in histologically differentiated partial embryos, showing various abnormalities in organogenesis. The dorso-lateral furrows often persisted until segmentation and may correspond to primitive intersegmental furrows. The hind-gut and part of the posterior mid-gut-rudiment often evaginated during germ band contraction. Only when avitelline membrane was present did the germ band continue to extend antero-dorsally and, although this extension was rarely complete, further development with normal organogenesis and histological differentiation took place. Of the three germ layers, the ectoderm most closely approached normal differentiation in both explants and control fragments, with differentiation of nerve ganglia, tracheae, salivary glands, and a hind-gut epithelium with Malpighian tubules. Differentiation of the mesoderm in the explants was confined to muscle fibres situated near the ganglia. The endoderm remained undifferentiated in explants but formed a mid-gut epithelium in some control fragments, when splanchnic mesoderm was also present. The bearings of these results on morphogenetic problems in the insect egg is discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 782-794 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 3 (1981), S. 363-367 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fly ash generated by coal-fired power plants is in part collected by filters in the emission stacks while a small portion is vented into the atmosphere. Since many of the coalfired power plants in the western United States are located in the desnrt, the ability to monitor fly ash emissions requires a chemical tracer that utilizes desert soil and plant interactions with the fly ash deposited in the desert environment. This investigation presents the results of a controlled greenhouse experiment in which a native desert plant, the brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), was grown on admixtures of desert soils and fly ash. The fly ash is strongly enriched in Sr and the brittlebush is a Sr accumulator. The data demonstrate that (1) the brittlebush isotopically equilibrates with desert soils whose fly ash components are as low as 0.25% by weight, (2) the fly ash Sr is apparently more available to the plant, than Sr derived from the soils, and (3) the difference between the87Sr/86Sr ratio of the fly ash (0.70807) and soils (0.71097 to 0.71117) warrants further investigations in the natural environment to determine the practicality of this method as a natural tracer of fly ash in the environment.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 1194-1195 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The facile preparation of hexitol-lysyl derivatives is reported. Some of the properties of these compounds, particularly those relevant to protein structural studies, are described.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 299-300 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of development of Ruhemann's purple in the ninhydrin reaction of two deuterated primary amines, αα-d2-p-tyramine and αα-d2-β-phenylethylamine, is significantly reduced It appears to be a primary isotope effect and indicates that the cleavage of the carbon-hydrogen bond at the α-position is involved in the rate-determining step of the color reaction.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 66 (1982), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mytilus edulis contaminated by a brief 2-d exposure to a slick from a No. 2 fuel oil spill in the Cape Cod Canal, Massachusetts, USA were sampled six times during an 86-d post-spill period to study the rate of release of fuel oil compounds under field conditions. Detailed measurements of compounds by high resolution glass capillary gas chromatography and quantitative glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer systems analyses provided a more comprehensive examination of release rates of different types of compounds. Biological half-lives were calculated for selected compounds for the first 21 d during which the release rates were exponential. Typical half-lives were n-alkanes, 0.2–0.8 d; pristane, 1.5 d; C-2 (dimethyl or ethyl) napthalenes, 0.9 d; methyl phenanthrenes, 1.7 d. Changes in relative ratios of C-2 phenanthrenes during the release period were observed. The evidence available to date strongly supports the role of molecular weight and accompanying properties of water solubility as the main controlling factors in the rate of release of fuel oil compounds by M. edulis. However, the data for the rapid release of n-alkanes and C-2 phenanthrenes also indicate molecular type and molecular configuration as additional key factors. The data from this study are compared and contrasted to data from short term experimental studies in the laboratory, longer term studies from chronic exposure conditions, and data from two other oil spills with longer term exposure.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved total carbohydrate (TCHO), polysaccharide (PCHO), monosaccharide (MCHO) and organic carbon (DOC) were determined at 3-h intervals over 5 diel cycles in the mixed layer of the northwestern Caribbean Sea while following a drogued buoy. These data have been compared to populations of phototrophic (PNAN) and heterotrophic (HNAN) nanoplankton (2–20 μm diameter) and heterotrophic bacteria (HBAC) (0.2–2.0 μm diameter) estimated by epifluorescence counts, as well as to ΣCO2, phosphate, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment data determined simultaneously. Two different types of apparent diel dissolved carbohydrate (CHO) patterns were found. On 3 d when no sustained net ΣCO2 uptake was evident, TCHO and PCHO generally declined during the afternoon and early evening while MCHO tended to increase. On two other days when apparent sustained ΣCO2 uptake occurred during the day, there were large evening TCHO and PCHO peaks with constant or declining MCHO levels. These accumulations probably resulted from the release of recently produced PCHO from phototrophs. As was found earlier in the Sargasso Sea, PNAN populations were inversely related to PCHO concentrations. The sample to sample fluctuations of PNAN also were inversely related to the apparent rates of change of TCHO and PCHO, possibly due to an inverse relation between the rates of PNAN cell division and CHO excretion. Fluctuations in HBAC populations were inversely correlated with PCHO dynamics and directly related to MCHO variations, possibly due to extracellular hydrolysis of PCHO to MCHO during periods of rapid bacterial growth as well as to net heterotrophic PCHO uptake. A direct relationship between HNAN and TCHO fluctuations suggests the importance of HNAN excretion in the release of dissolved organics. The combined PNAN and HBAC fluctuations accounted for a more significant fraction of the variance in the apparent rates of change of PCHO than did any single population parameter indicating that intimate interactions between the microbial plankton groups are important in the in-situ regulation of CHO dynamics. Total system net TCHO release and uptake rates for 5 d averaged 56 and 53 μg C l-1 d-1 respectively, assuming that the observed fluctuations resulted from temporal planktonic processes in homogeneous water masses. While the data contain indications that this was the case, this assumption is not definitive.
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