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  • 1980-1984  (9)
  • 1
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    Solar-Cell Interconnect Design for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules (1984)
    American Society of Mechanical Engineers
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-01
    Description: An investigation of interconnect fatigue in photovoltaic systems has led to the development of useful reliability-design and life-prediction algorithms presented here. Experimental data gathered in this study indicate that the classical strain-cycle (fatigue) curve for the interconnect material fails to account for the broad statistical scatter, which is critical to reliability prediction. To fill this shortcoming, a functional form is fitted to experimental cumulative interconnect failure-rate data to yield statistical fatigue curves (with failure probability as a parameter) that enable (a) the prediction of cumulative interconnect failures during the design life of an array field, and (b) the unambiguous—i.e., quantitative—interpretation of data from field-service qualification (accelerated thermal-cycling) tests. Optimal interconnect cost-reliability design algorithms are derived, intended to minimize the cost of energy over the design life of the array field. This procedure yields not only the minimum break-even cost of delivered energy, but also the required degree of interconnect redundancy and an estimate of array power degradation during the design life of the array field. The usefulness of the design algorithms is demonstrated with realistic examples of design optimization, prediction, and service qualification testing.
    Print ISSN: 0199-6231
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-8986
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Design solutions for the solar cell interconnect fatigue fracture problem (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Mechanical fatigue of solar cell interconnects is a major failure mechanism in photovoltaic arrays. A comprehensive approach to the reliability design of interconnects, together with extensive design data for the fatigue properties of copper interconnects, has been published. This paper extends the previous work, developing failure prediction (fatigue) data for additional interconnect material choices, including aluminum and a variety of copper-Invar and copper-steel claddings. An improved global fatigue function is used to model the probability-of-failure statistics of each material as a function of level and number of cycles of applied strain. Life-cycle economic analyses are used to evaluate the relative merits of each material choce. The copper-Invar clad composites demonstrate superior performance over pure copper. Aluminum results are disappointing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Solar-cell interconnect design for terrestrial photovoltaic modules (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Useful solar cell interconnect reliability design and life prediction algorithms are presented, together with experimental data indicating that the classical strain cycle (fatigue) curve for the interconnect material does not account for the statistical scatter that is required in reliability predictions. This shortcoming is presently addressed by fitting a functional form to experimental cumulative interconnect failure rate data, which thereby yields statistical fatigue curves enabling not only the prediction of cumulative interconnect failures during the design life of an array field, but also the quantitative interpretation of data from accelerated thermal cycling tests. Optimal interconnect cost reliability design algorithms are also derived which may allow the minimization of energy cost over the design life of the array field.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering (ISSN 0199-6231); 106; 379-386
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Laboratory experience with voltage breakdown (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Voltage breakdown failures in photovoltaic module electrical insulations lead to loss of entire source circuits and require costly maintenance and replacement. Avoiding such catastrophes requires that modules be designed so that voltage breakdown either never occurs or occurs so rarely that it affects the least life cycle energy costs insignificantly. To achieve this desired balance of cost and reliability, the module design engineer must understand the failure mechanisms and use data on materials and failue rates to suppress or retard them. Recently obtained failure mechanism information, rate data and materials property data and a qualitative model of module failure prediction are presented.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Proj. Res. Forum on the Design of Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Arrays for Central Sta.; p 123-146
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Topics in electrochemical degradation of photovoltaic modules (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Electrochemical degradation of photovoltaic modules was examined. It is found that the extent of electrochemical damage is dependent on the integrated leakage current. The PV electrochemical degradation mechanisms in the two polarities are different: (1) degradation rates in the two polarities are of the same order of magnitude; (2) center tapped grounded arrays are a preferred system configuration to minimize electrochemical degradation. The use of thicker pottant layers and polymer substrate films to reduce equilibrium leakage current values is suggested. A metallized substrate layer, if used, should be isolated from the pottant and the frame by polyester layers, and EVA modules appear to be consistent with 30 year life allocation levels for electrochemical damage. Temperature acceleration factors are well behaved and moderately well understood; humidity acceleration factors vary radically with module construction and materials and require additional research.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 191-205
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Observations of solar-cell metallization corrosion (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Engineering Sciences Area of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Flat-Plate Solar Array Project is performing long term environmental tests on photovoltaic modules at Wyle Laboratories in Huntsville, Alabama. Some modules have been exposed to 85 C/85% RH and 40 C/93% RH for up to 280 days. Other modules undergoing temperature-only exposures ( 3% RH) at 85 C and 100 C have been tested for more than 180 days. At least two modules of each design type are exposed to each environment - one with, and the other without a 100-mA forward bias. Degradation is both visually observed and electrically monitored. Visual observations of changes in appearance are recorded at each inspection time. Significant visual observations relating to metallization corrosion (and/or metallization-induced corrosion) include discoloration (yellowing and browning) of grid lines, migration of grid line material into the encapsulation (blossoming), the appearance of rainbow-like diffraction patterns on the grid lines, and brown spots on collectors and grid lines. All of these observations were recorded for electrically biased modules in the 280-day tests with humidity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 137-146
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Interconnect fatigue design for terrestrial photovoltaic modules (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of comprehensive investigation of interconnect fatigue that has led to the definition of useful reliability-design and life-prediction algorithms are presented. Experimental data indicate that the classical strain-cycle (fatigue) curve for the interconnect material is a good model of mean interconnect fatigue performance, but it fails to account for the broad statistical scatter, which is critical to reliability prediction. To fill this shortcoming the classical fatigue curve is combined with experimental cumulative interconnect failure rate data to yield statistical fatigue curves (having failure probability as a parameter) which enable (1) the prediction of cumulative interconnect failures during the design life of an array field, and (2) the unambiguous--ie., quantitative--interpretation of data from field-service qualification (accelerated thermal cycling) tests. Optimal interconnect cost-reliability design algorithms are derived based on minimizing the cost of energy over the design life of the array field.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-168813 , JPL-PUB-81-111 , DOE/JPL-1012-62 , JPL-1012-62 , NAS 1.26:168813
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Defect design of insulation systems for photovoltaic modules (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A defect-design approach to sizing electrical insulation systems for terrestrial photovoltaic modules is presented. It consists of gathering voltage-breakdown statistics on various thicknesses of candidate insulation films where, for a designated voltage, module failure probabilities for enumerated thickness and number-of-layer film combinations are calculated. Cost analysis then selects the most economical insulation system. A manufacturing yield problem is solved to exemplify the technique. Results for unaged Mylar suggest using fewer layers of thicker films. Defect design incorporates effects of flaws in optimal insulation system selection, and obviates choosing a tolerable failure rate, since the optimization process accomplishes that. Exposure to weathering and voltage stress reduces the voltage-withstanding capability of module insulation films. Defect design, applied to aged polyester films, promises to yield reliable, cost-optimal insulation systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; May 12, 1981 - May 15, 1981; Kissimmee, FL
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Predicting electrochemical breakdown in terrestrial photovoltaic modules (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Electrochemical corrosion of PV cells can cause a cell-to-frame short circuit with two undesirable resuits: (1) catastrophic loss of source-circuit power; and (2) high field maintenance (module replacement) costs. Parameter dependencies are determined and encapsulated two-cell coupons are exposed to a range of voltage differences, temperatures, and relative humidities. Material relative performance is assessed. Nine different metallization-encapsulation combinations are tested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; May 01, 1984 - May 04, 1984; Kissimmee, FL
    Format: text
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