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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource Limitation in Plants-An Economic Analogy (1985)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 16 (1985), S. 363-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.002051
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equation Governing Stability of Oil Masterbatches (1956)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 48 (1956), S. 336-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50554a047
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativus X raphanistrum plants. I. Daily nitrogen use under high nitrate supply (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth-chamber cultivated Raphanus plants accumulate nitrate during their vegetative growth. After 25 days of growth at a constant supply to the roots of 1 mol m−3 (NO−3) in a balanced nutrient solution, the oldest leaves (eight-leaf stage) accumulated 2.5% NO−3-nitrogen (NO3-N) in their lamina, and almost 5% NO3-N in their petioles on a dry weight basis. This is equivalent to approximately 190 and 400 mol−3 m−3 concentration of NO−3 in the lamina and the petiole, respectively, as calculated on a total tissue water content basis. Measurements were made of root NO−3 uptake, NO−3 fluxes in the xylem, nitrate uptake by the mesophyll cells, and nitrate reduction as measured by an in vivo test. NO−3 uptake by roots and mesophyll cells was greater in the light than in the dark. The NO−3 concentration in the xylem fluid was constant with leaf age, but showed a distinct daily variation as a result of the independent fluxes of root uptake, transpiration and mesophyll uptake. NO−3 was reduced in the leaf at a higher rate in the light than in the dark. The reduction was inhibited at the high concentrations calculated to exist in the mesophyll vacuoles, but reduction continued at a low rate, even when there was no supply from the incubation medium. Sixty-four per cent of the NO−3 influx was turned into organic nitrogen, with the remaining NO−3 accumulating in both the light and the dark.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11611835
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of Tissue Construction Cost from Heat of Combustion and Organic Nitrogen Content (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 10 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We present a method for estimating the construction costs of plant tissues from measurements of heat of combustion, ash content, and organic nitrogen content. The method predicts glucose equivalents, the amount of glucose required to provide carbon skeletons and reductant to synthesize a quantity of organic product. Glucose equivalents have previously been calculated from the elemental composition of tissue. We define construction cost as the amount of glucose required to provide carbon skeletons, reductant and ATP for synthesizing the organic compounds in a tissue via standard biochemical pathways. The fraction of the total construction cost of a compound or tissue (excluding costs of transporting compounds) that is reflected in its glucose equivalents is the biosynthetic efficiency (EB). This quantity varies between 0.84 and 0.95 for tissues with a wide range of compositions. Using the new method, total construction cost can be estimated to ± 6% of the value obtained from biochemical pathway analysis.Construction costs of leaves of three chaparral species were estimated using the proposed method and compared to previously published values, derived using different methods. Agreement among methods was generally good. Differences were probably due to a combination of inaccuracy in the estimated biosynthetic efficiency and technical difficulties with biochemical analysis, one of the older methods of determining construction cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604754
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A field portable gas-exchange system for measuring carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange rates of leaves during fumigation with SO2 (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field portable, steady-state gas-exchange system which measures both CO2 and water vapour exchange of single intact leaves during fumigations with SO2 is described.Within the leaf cuvette temperature, light, humidity and both CO2 and SO2 concentrations are controlled to preset levels. Gas flow and concentrations are controlled by mass flow controllers. Photosynthetic uptake of CO2 can be determined either by differential depletion or null balance measurement. Water vapour exchange is measured differentially and transpiration and conductance to water vapour determined. Sulphur dioxide is measured directly within the cuvette exhaust gas line by UV-pulse fluorescence.The performance of this system under field conditions is described and the physiological measurements compared with those obtained with other systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb02103.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativus x raphanistrum plants. II. Growth, nitrogen redistribution and photosynthesis under NO3− deprivation (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 11 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Wild radish plants deprived of, and continuously supplied with solution NO−3 for 7 d following 3 weeks growth at high NO−3 supply were compared in terms of changes in dry weight, leaf area, photosynthesis and the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen (NH2-N and NO−3-N) among individual organs. Initial levels of NO−3-N accounted for 25% of total plant N. Following termination of NO−3 supply, whole plant dry weight growth was not significantly reduced for 3 d, during which time plant NH2-N concentration declined by about 25% relative to NO−3-supplied plants, and endogenous NO−3-N content was reduced to nearly zero. Older leaves lost NO−3 and NH2-N, and roots and young leaves gained NH2-N in response to N stress. Relative growth rate declined due both to decreased net assimilation rate and a decrease in leaf area ratio. A rapid increase in specific leaf weight was indicative of a greater sensitivity to N stress of leaf expansion compared to carbon gain. In response to N stress, photosynthesis per unit leaf area was more severely inhibited in older leaves, whereas weight-based rates were equally inhibited among all leaf ages. Net photosynthesis was strongly correlated with leaf NH2-N concentration, and the relationship was not significantly different for leaves of NO3−-supplied compared to NO−3-deprived plants. Simulations of the time course of NO−3 depletion for plants of various NH2-N and NO−3 compositions and relative growth rates indicated that environmental conditions may influence the importance of NO−3 accumulation as a buffer against fluctuations in the N supply to demand ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1988.tb01160.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of wild plants to nitrate availability (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 542-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bromus ; Relative growth rate ; Nitrate uptake ; Limiting external concentration ; Grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two annual species of Bromus, an invader (B. hordeaceus, ex B. mollis) and a non-invader (B. intermedius), were grown for 28 days in growth chambers, at 5 and 100 μM NO 3 - in flowing nutrient solution. No differences between the two species were observed at either NO 3 - level, in terms of relative growth rate (RGR) or its components, dry matter partitioning, specific NO 3 - absorption rate, nitrogen concentration, and other characteristics of NO 3 - uptake and photosynthesis. The effects of decreasing NO 3 - concentration in the solution were mainly to decrease the NO 3 - concentration in the plants through decreased absorption rate, and to decrease the leaf area ratio through increased specific leaf mass and decreased leaf mass ratio. Organic nitrogen concentration varied little between the two treatments, which may be the reason why photosynthetic rates were not altered. Consequently, RGR was only slightly decreased in the 5-μM treatment compared to the 100-μM treatment. This is in contrast with other species, where growth is reduced at much higher NO 3 - concentrations. These discrepancies may be related to differences in RGR, since a log-linear relationship was found between RGR and the NO 3 - concentration at which growth is first reduced. In addition, a strong linear relationship was found between the RGR of these species and their maximum absorption rate for nitrate, suggesting that the growth of species with low maximum RGR may be partly regulated by nutrient uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378673
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water use patterns of four co-occurring chaparral shrubs (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 172-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Water use ; Root distribution ; Water potential predawn ; Leaf conductance ; Quercus durata ; Heteromeles arbutifolia ; Adenostoma fasciculatum ; Rhamnus californica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mixed stands of chaparral in California usually contain several species of shrubs growing close to each other so that aerial branches and subterranean roots overlap. There is some evidence that roots are stratified relative to depth. It may be that root stratification promotes sharing of soil moisture resources. We examined this possibility by comparing seasonal water use patterns in a mixed stand of chaparral dominated by four species of shrubs: Quercus durata, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Adenostoma fasciculatum, and Rhamnus californica. We used a neutron probe and soil phychrometers to follow seasonal depletion and recharging of soil moisture and compared these patterns to seasonal patterns of predawn water potentials, diurnal leaf conductances, and diurnal leaf water potentials. Our results indicated that 1) Quercus was deeply rooted, having high water potentials and high leaf conductances throughout the summer drought period, 2) Heteromeles/Adenostoma were intermediate in rooting depth, water potentials, and leaf conductances, and 3) Rhamnus was shallow rooted, having the lowest water potentials and leaf conductances. During the peak of the drought, predawn water potentials for Quercus corresponded to soil water potentials at or below a depth of 2 m, predawn water potentials of Heteromeles/ Adenostoma corresponded to a depth of 0.75 m, and predawn water potentials of Rhamnus corresponded to a depth of 0.5 m. This study supports the concept that co-occurring shrubs of chaparral in California utilize a different base of soil moisture resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379236
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource sharing among ramets in the clonal herb, Fragaria chiloensis (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Resource sharing ; Carbohydrates ; Water ; Nitrogen ; Fragaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The herbaceous perennial, Fragaria chiloensis, reproduces vegetatively on coastal sand dunes in California by growth of stolons that bear rosettes. Movement of water and photosynthates through stolons integrates water and carbon metabolism of rosettes both before and after they root. New, unrooted rosettes import sufficient water and nitrogen to maintain levels near those of established rosettes; yet support of an unrooted rosette did not decrease growth of a connected, rooted sibling given abundant light, water, and soil nutrients. Under such conditions strings of unrooted rosettes with the associated stolon appeared self-sufficient for carbon; shade and drought induced import of photosynthates. New rosettes produced and maintained a limited root mass upon contact with dry sand, which could increase probability of establishment. Rooting did not induce senescence of stolons. Connection between two established rosettes prevented death by drought and shade, even when neither rosette could have survived singly. Results suggest that physiological integration of connected rosettes may increase total growth of clones of F. chiloensis through sharing of resources among ramets, especially when resource availability is changeable or patchy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379244
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass accumulation and resource utilization in co-occurring grassland annuals (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 555-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Serpentine ; Annuals ; Water-use ; Nitrogenuse ; Reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mediterranean-climate annuals growing on serpentine soils in central California differ greatly in their life spans and reproductive periods dependent on their access to soil moisture. The longer-lived annuals accumulate a greater lifetime biomass, have a higher total, but lower proportional, reproductive output, and produce leaves with a higher C/N ratios at the time of reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379903
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