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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1990-12-07
    Description: A series of dipyridodiazepinones have been shown to be potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). One compound, BI-RG-587, had a Ki of 200 nanomolar for inhibition of HIV-1 RT that was noncompetitive with respect to deoxyguanosine triphosphate. BI-RG-587 was specific for HIV-1 RT, having no effect on feline and simian RT or any mammalian DNA polymerases. BI-RG-587 inhibited HIV-1 replication in vitro as demonstrated by in situ hybridization, inhibition of protein p24 production, and the lack of syncytia formation in cultured human T cell lines and freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity studies of BI-RG-587 on human cells showed a high therapeutic index (greater than 8000) in culture.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merluzzi, V J -- Hargrave, K D -- Labadia, M -- Grozinger, K -- Skoog, M -- Wu, J C -- Shih, C K -- Eckner, K -- Hattox, S -- Adams, J -- HB 67027/HB/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 42257/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 7;250(4986):1411-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1701568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; HIV-1/*drug effects/enzymology/physiology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Molecular Structure ; Nevirapine ; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors ; Pyridines/chemical synthesis/*pharmacology ; *Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ; Virus Replication/*drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: The respiratory epithelium is a potential site for somatic gene therapy for the common hereditary disorders alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) deficiency and cystic fibrosis. A replication-deficient adenoviral vector (Ad-alpha 1AT) containing an adenovirus major late promoter and a recombinant human alpha 1AT gene was used to infect epithelial cells of the cotton rat respiratory tract in vitro and in vivo. Freshly isolated tracheobronchial epithelial cells infected with Ad-alpha 1AT contained human alpha 1AT messenger RNA transcripts and synthesized and secreted human alpha 1AT. After in vivo intratracheal administration of Ad-alpha 1AT to these rats, human alpha 1AT messenger RNA was observed in the respiratory epithelium, human alpha 1AT was synthesized and secreted by lung tissue, and human alpha 1AT was detected in the epithelial lining fluid for at least 1 week.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenfeld, M A -- Siegfried, W -- Yoshimura, K -- Yoneyama, K -- Fukayama, M -- Stier, L E -- Paakko, P K -- Gilardi, P -- Stratford-Perricaudet, L D -- Perricaudet, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):431-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/*genetics ; Animals ; Bronchi/metabolism ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics/therapy ; *DNA, Recombinant ; Emphysema/genetics/therapy ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Therapy ; *Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Lung/*metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Sigmodontinae ; Trachea/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Transfection ; Virus Replication ; alpha 1-Antitrypsin/biosynthesis/*genetics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: Aldose reductase, which catalyzes the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reduction of a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic carbonyl compounds, is implicated in the development of diabetic and galactosemic complications involving the lens, retina, nerves, and kidney. A 1.65 angstrom refined structure of a recombinant human placenta aldose reductase reveals that the enzyme contains a parallel beta 8/alpha 8-barrel motif and establishes a new motif for NADP-binding oxidoreductases. The substrate-binding site is located in a large, deep elliptical pocket at the COOH-terminal end of the beta barrel with a bound NADPH in an extended conformation. The highly hydrophobic nature of the active site pocket greatly favors aromatic and apolar substrates over highly polar monosaccharides. The structure should allow for the rational design of specific inhibitors that might provide molecular understanding of the catalytic mechanism, as well as possible therapeutic agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, D K -- Bohren, K M -- Gabbay, K H -- Quiocho, F A -- DK-39,044/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):81-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621098" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aldehyde Reductase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; *Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/*enzymology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction/methods
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: Autosomal recessive generalized myotonia (Becker's disease) (GM) and autosomal dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen's disease) (MC) are characterized by skeletal muscle stiffness that is a result of muscle membrane hyperexcitability. For both diseases, alterations in muscle chloride or sodium currents or both have been observed. A complementary DNA for a human skeletal muscle chloride channel (CLC-1) was cloned, physically localized on chromosome 7, and linked to the T cell receptor beta (TCRB) locus. Tight linkage of these two loci to GM and MC was found in German families. An unusual restriction site in the CLC-1 locus in two GM families identified a mutation associated with that disease, a phenylalanine-to-cysteine substitution in putative transmembrane domain D8. This suggests that different mutations in CLC-1 may cause dominant or recessive myotonia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, M C -- Steinmeyer, K -- Lorenz, C -- Ricker, K -- Wolf, F -- Otto, M -- Zoll, B -- Lehmann-Horn, F -- Grzeschik, K H -- Jentsch, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):797-800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Center for Human Genetics, Marburg University, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1379744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blotting, Southern ; Chloride Channels ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Dominant ; *Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Ion Channels/*genetics ; Lod Score ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscular Dystrophies/*genetics ; Myotonia Congenita/*genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1991-08-09
    Description: Recent studies suggest that one or more genes on chromosome 5q21 are important for the development of colorectal cancers, particularly those associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). To facilitate the identification of genes from this locus, a portion of the region that is tightly linked to FAP was cloned. Six contiguous stretches of sequence (contigs) containing approximately 5.5 Mb of DNA were isolated. Subclones from these contigs were used to identify and position six genes, all of which were expressed in normal colonic mucosa. Two of these genes (APC and MCC) are likely to contribute to colorectal tumorigenesis. The MCC gene had previously been identified by virtue of its mutation in human colorectal tumors. The APC gene was identified in a contig initiated from the MCC gene and was found to encode an unusually large protein. These two closely spaced genes encode proteins predicted to contain coiled-coil regions. Both genes were also expressed in a wide variety of tissues. Further studies of MCC and APC and their potential interaction should prove useful for understanding colorectal neoplasia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kinzler, K W -- Nilbert, M C -- Su, L K -- Vogelstein, B -- Bryan, T M -- Levy, D B -- Smith, K J -- Preisinger, A C -- Hedge, P -- McKechnie, D -- CA06973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA35494/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA44688/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 9;253(5020):661-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1651562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Colon/physiology ; Colonic Neoplasms/genetics ; Exons ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/physiology ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Probability ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Cholinergic/physiology ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1992-05-01
    Description: Germ-line mutations of the APC gene are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominantly inherited disease in humans. Patients with FAP develop multiple benign colorectal tumors. Recently, a mouse lineage that exhibits an autosomal dominantly inherited predisposition to multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) was described. Linkage analysis showed that the murine homolog of the APC gene (mApc) was tightly linked to the Min locus. Sequence comparison of mApc between normal and Min-affected mice identified a nonsense mutation, which cosegregated with the Min phenotype. This mutation is analogous to those found in FAP kindreds and in sporadic colorectal cancers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Su, L K -- Kinzler, K W -- Vogelstein, B -- Preisinger, A C -- Moser, A R -- Luongo, C -- Gould, K A -- Dove, W F -- CA-06973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-07175/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-23076/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 1;256(5057):668-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350108" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Southern ; Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics ; DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry/genetics ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred AKR ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1992-01-31
    Description: Linguistic experience affects phonetic perception. However, the critical period during which experience affects perception and the mechanism responsible for these effects are unknown. This study of 6-month-old infants from two countries, the United States and Sweden, shows that exposure to a specific language in the first half year of life alters infants' phonetic perception.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhl, P K -- Williams, K A -- Lacerda, F -- Stevens, K N -- Lindblom, B -- DC 00520/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 31;255(5044):606-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Humans ; Infant ; *Language ; *Phonation ; *Speech ; Sweden ; United States
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: The participation of (6R) 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6-BH4) in regulating the tyrosine supply for melanin biosynthesis was investigated by the examination of human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and epidermal suction blisters from normal human skin and from patients with the depigmentation disorder vitiligo. Cells, as well as total epidermis, contained high phenylalanine hydroxylase activities and also displayed the capacity to synthesize and recycle 6-BH4, the essential cofactor for this enzyme. In vitiligo, 4a-hydroxy-BH4 dehydratase activity was extremely low or absent, yielding an accumulation of the nonenzymatic by-product 7-tetrahydrobiopterin (7-BH4) at concentrations up to 8 x 10(-6) M in the epidermis. This by-product is a potent competitive inhibitor in the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction with an inhibition constant of 10(-6) M. Thus, 6-BH4 seems to control melanin biosynthesis in the human epidermis, whereas 7-BH4 may initiate depigmentation in patients with vitiligo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schallreuter, K U -- Wood, J M -- Pittelkow, M R -- Gutlich, M -- Lemke, K R -- Rodl, W -- Swanson, N N -- Hitzemann, K -- Ziegler, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1444-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Dermatology, University of Hamburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Epidermis/*metabolism ; GTP Cyclohydrolase/metabolism ; Humans ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Melanins/*biosynthesis ; Melanocytes/metabolism ; Phenylalanine Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Tyrosine/biosynthesis ; Vitiligo/*metabolism
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: Proteasomes are the proteolytic complex responsible for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted antigen presentation. Interferon gamma treatment increases expression MHC-encoded LMP2 and LMP7 subunits of the proteasome and decreases expression of two proteasome subunits, named X and Y, which alters the proteolytic specificity of proteasomes. Molecular cloning of complementary DNAs encoding X and Y showed that their proteins are proteasomal subunits with high amino acid similarity to LMP7 and LMP2, respectively. Thus, interferon gamma may induce subunit replacements of X and Y by LMP7 and LMP2, respectively, producing proteasomes perhaps more appropriate for the immunological processing of endogenous antigens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Akiyama, K -- Yokota, K -- Kagawa, S -- Shimbara, N -- Tamura, T -- Akioka, H -- Nothwang, H G -- Noda, C -- Tanaka, K -- Ichihara, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1231-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8066462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Cysteine Endopeptidases ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; *Down-Regulation ; Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/*pharmacology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Multienzyme Complexes ; *Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1993-11-05
    Description: The shc oncogene product is tyrosine-phosphorylated by Src family kinases and after its phosphorylation interacts with the adapter protein Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2). In turn, Grb2 interacts with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras, mSOS. Because several Src family kinases participate in T cell activation and Shc functions upstream of Ras, the role of Shc in T cell signaling was examined. Shc was phosphorylated on tyrosine after activation through the T cell receptor (TCR), and subsequently interacted with Grb2 and mSOS. The Src homology region 2 (SH2) domain of Shc directly interacted with the tyrosine-phosphorylated zeta chain of the TCR. Thus, Shc may couple TCR activation to the Ras signaling pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ravichandran, K S -- Lee, K K -- Songyang, Z -- Cantley, L C -- Burn, P -- Burakoff, S J -- AI-17258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 5;262(5135):902-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235613" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; GRB2 Adaptor Protein ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Son of Sevenless Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Tyrosine/metabolism
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