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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anin situ investigation of the tensile failure of oxide scales (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 431-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: acoustic emission ; oxide failure ; mechanisms ; iron oxide ; nickel oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A small four-point-bend jig has been used in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to monitor the tensile fracture processes in iron and nickel oxide scales in situ. The scales were 3–40 μm thick, the strain rate was 4×10−5 sec−1 and acoustic emission (AE) was used to correlate signals with specific cracking events. The technique provided detailed information of the failure processes, and several micrographs were taken as the crack pattern developed during testing. Failure started with short random through-scale cracks. These cracks soon formed a regular pattern. Spallation only occurred at much higher strains and resulted in very energetic AE signals. These signals were used together with the SEM observations to determine the strain to cause spallation. Measurements of the crack spacing as a function of strain showed that plastic stress relaxation by interfacial slip and/or substrate yielding processes affected cracking. Thus, the oxide remained attached to the substrate longer than would be expected from purely elastic behavior. An analysis based on the observed crack spacing at the onset of spallation gave ratios of 0.8–1.9 and ∼0.9 between tensile and interfacial strength for iron and nickel oxides scales, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046759
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of Anabaena azollae from Azolla filiculoides in polyvinyl foam for ammonia production in a photobioreactor system (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ammonia excretion ; Anabaena azollae (AS-DS) ; Benlate ; immobilization ; MSX ; photobioreactor ; polyvinyl foam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Anabaena azollae (AS-DS), isolated from Azolla filiculoides and grown in nitrogen-free medium, was immobilized in 5-mm-cube polyvinyl foam pieces and incorporated into a photobioreactor system for the production of NH3. NH3 was produced continuously and in significant amounts. Benlate (methyl-1-butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate at 5 ppm and l-methionine-d,l-sulphoximine at 50 μm stimulated NH3 production continuously for a period of 1 week.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357564
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avoiding aerosol sampling problems in fast response flame ionisation detectors (1991)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 10 (1991), S. 237-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fast response flame ionisation detectors react to small combustible particles in the gas stream as well as to ionisable gases, producing unwanted large, short duration spikes in the output signal. During some wind tunnel dispersion modelling experiments, this problem arose due to sampling the atmospheric aerosol. An effective solution to the problem was found, which is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190394
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone of female african white rice stem borer,Maliarpha separatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Sierra Leone: Identification and field testing (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1205-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maliarpha separatella ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 ; (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings of femaleMaliarpha separatella from Sierra Leone by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) linked to a male electroantennograph (EAG) indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically active compounds. The GC retention times of these compounds were consistent with those of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, and (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol. Analysis by El and CI mass spectrometry of ovipositor washings confirmed these identifications and also indicated the presence of the saturated analog, tetradecan-1-ol. There was no evidence, from these analyses, of the corresponding aldehydes or acetates. The EAG-active compounds were present in the ovipositor washings in a ratio of approximately 2∶3.5∶1, with the major component constituting approximately 0.4 ng per ovipositor. GC-MS analysis of entrained female effluvia confirmed that the EAG-active compounds were released by virgin females. Field testing of the EAG-active compounds indicated that (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol and (E,E)10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol were attractive to male moths in ratios of between 9:1 and 39:1, while (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol was found to reduce trap catch when added to blends of the other two compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402944
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female sex pheromone of oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field testing (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; hexadecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleHelicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptere: Noctuidae) from Korea by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography and GC linked to mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of nine compounds, hexadecanal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, hexadecan-l-ol, (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. However, ovipositor washings from females from Thailand contained mainly the 16-carbon aldehydes with very small amounts of (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate. Field tests conducted in Korea, China, and Thailand indicated that a binary blend of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was sufficient for attraction, although the most attractive ratio of compounds varied with location. In Korea a 20∶1 blend of compounds was the most attractive, while in Thailand a 7.5∶1 blend was most attractive. In China both blends of hexadecenal isomers were equally attractive. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 20∶1 blend of hexadecenals in the ratio of 1∶3.3 increased the trap catch of maleH. assulta compared to lures containing the aldehydes alone in Korea but reduced trap catch in China. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 7.5∶1 blend of hexadecenals had no significant effect on trap catch in Thailand or China compared to the aldehydes alone. The addition of the 16-carbon alcohols to the aldehydes had a significantly inhibitory effect in all three countries, suggesting they are not pheromone components. Taken together these results indicate thatH. assulta is polymorphic with at least two populations responding to different sex pheromones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994240
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of major component of male-produced aggregation pheromone of larger grain borer,Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 789-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Storage pests ; aggregation pheromone ; Prostephanus truncatus ; larger grain borer ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; 1-methylethyl (2E 2-methyl-2-pentenoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male beetles of the larger grain borer,Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) were shown to produce material causing an electroantennographic (EAG) response from both male and female beetles. Volatiles from mixed sex cultures were collected on Porapak Q and fractionated by liquid chromatography (LC) with gradient elution. The total volatiles and the fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) linked to EAG, and two compounds eluting in the same LC fraction elicited EAG responses from male and female beetles. These were assumed to be components of the male-produced aggregation pheromone. Amounts of these compounds obtained were very low and less than 10−3 times the amounts of the aggregation pheromone components produced by the related species,Rhyzopertha dominica, under similar conditions. The most abundant of these EAG-active compounds was identified as 1-methyiethyl (2E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate by comparison of its GC retention times and mass spectrum with those of synthetic analogs. The synthetic compound elicited electrophysiological and behavioral responses in both male and female beetles significantly greater than those to structural analogs. This compound is attractive toP. truncatus beetles in the field, and has been given the trivial name of “trunc-call 1”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilising biomass crops as an energy source: A European perspective (1993)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 70 (1993), S. 499-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Biomass can be grown to act as a carbon (C) store, or as a direct substitute for fossil fuels (with no net contribution to atmospheric CO2 if produced and used sustainably). There is great potential for the modernisation of biomass fuels to produce convenient energy carriers such as electricity and liquid fuels. Bioenergy accounts for about 15% of primary energy used throughout the world, and 4% of energy used in Western Europe. Several European countries plan to significantly increase their use of bioenergy and some already obtain over 10% of their energy from biomass fuels. The European Community (EC) is planning to implement policies which will more than double the use of biomass by 2005, with biofuels taking 5% of the motor vehicle fuel market, and a resultant reduction in CO2 emissions of about 180 million tonnes (Mt), equivalent to 50 Mt C/yr. The potential contribution of biofuels is even greater, especially with all the ‘setaside’ land being taken out of production. Use of 15–20 million hectares (Mha) of agricultural land for biomass crops could represent an annual sink of some 90–120 Mt C or else offset between 50 Mt C and 120 Mt C from fossil fuel emissions, depending on the fuel displaced (7–17% of total EC carbon emissions). Policies are needed that will encourage the penetration of biofuels into the market such as increased support for research, development and demonstration, subsidies for biofuels, and carbon taxes on fossil fuels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01105018
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The science-industry interface: Correlation of time series of indicators and their spectra, and growth models in the nuclear fuels industry (1992)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 24 (1992), S. 237-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the third in a series on the flows of influence at the interface between geoscience research and the exploration for and mining of nuclear fuels. It deals with the application of signal processing methods to research and industry indicators, with emphasis on time and frequency domain correlations and lags, and on growth modelling of the indicators using the special and general logistic models. The findings include the following: there was a strong interchange across the science-industry interface; quantitative methods can establish the degree of correlation and the time periods in which these correlations mainly reside; also the timing of decisions to initiate exploration and research can be specified in this case. A strategy of applying quantitative methods, history of science, and periodic analyses of the state of the industry to studies of science policy is suggested by this research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017911
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The science-industry interface in the petroleum industry: Correlation of time series of indicators and their spectra, and growth modelling (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 237-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Petroleum production and exploration, used as petroleum industry indicators, and accumulation of petroleum-related geoscience literature, used as a science indicator, were compared by several means to gauge the degree of interaction between science and the industry in the period 1934–1990. Methods of comparison employed were: time domain correlations and crosscorrelation; correlations of spectra using coherence and crosspower spectra, and growth-modelling of the indicators. A fifty-year exploration cycle was found, beginning about 1945. Principal features of this cycle seem to coincide with prominent features in the time series for geoscience literature, and both of these variables are correlated with petroleum production. All three variables appear to have been determined ultimately by economic and political events which affected the petroleum industry. All of them show long-period cycles which coincide with the fourth Kondratiev cycle and the beginning of the fifth Kondratiev. The longest time series used (petroleum production in the United States, 1860–1990) shows long-period cycles matching the third, fourth and fifth Kondratiev cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02026510
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (Anti)hydrogen recombination studies in a nested Penning trap (1993)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 76 (1993), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Extremely cold antiprotons, stored in a Penning trap at 4 K, open the way toward the production and study of cold antihydrogen. We have begun experimentally investigating the possibility to recombine cold positrons and antiprotons within nested Penning traps. Trap potentials are adjusted to allow cold trapped protons (and positive helium ions) to pass through cold trapped electrons. Electrons, protons and ions are counted by ejecting them to a cold channel plate and by nondestructive radiofrequency techniques. The effect of the space charge of one trapped species upon another trapped species passing through is clearly observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02316717
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