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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (756)
  • 1995-1999  (756)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and electrical characterization of heteroepitaxial lead zirconate titanate thin films (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: PbZrxTi1−xO3 films have been grown heteroepitaxially onto (001)SrTiO3 and SrRuO3/(001)SrTiO3 by organometallic chemical vapor deposition. As a start, the microstructure of PbZrxTi1−xO3 films on (001)SrTiO3 was studied as a function of the zirconium fraction, x. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, including channeling experiments, and transmission electron microscopy have shown that the microstructure is dominated by the crystal structure of the PbZrxTi1−xO3. In the case of tetragonal PbZrxTi1−xO3 the films may contain a-axis oriented regions. These regions have not been observed for films with a composition giving a rhombohedral unit cell. Despite the rather large mismatch of rhombohedral PbZrxTi1−xO3 with the (001)SrTiO3, values as low as 4% for the minimum channeling yield have been obtained. For a rhombohedral film the ferroelectric properties have been measured. To this end a single crystalline PbZr0.8Ti0.2O3 film was grown onto (001)SrTiO3 provided with a heteroepitaxial SrRuO3 electrode grown by pulsed-laser deposition. A heteroepitaxial top electrode was grown onto the PbZrxTi1−xO3 using the same technique. The channeling minimum yield of the heteroepitaxial stack was 11%. The hysteresis loop saturates already at 1 V. Endurance up to 1012 cycles was observed without severe degradation of the ferroelectric properties. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360843
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the current emitted by Taylor cone-jets of electrolytes in vacuo: Implications for liquid metal ion sources (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 2428-2434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Approximate scaling laws for the charge and size of the drops ejected from the apex of Taylor cones run in the cone-jet mode (electrospray) are now available for highly conducting electrolytes (10−4 S/m〈K〈1 S/m) electrosprayed at atmospheric pressure. In order to confirm that such laws do also apply to Taylor cones in vacuo, the current versus liquid flow rate curves I(Q) characteristic of a given liquid are investigated both in vacuum and in atmospheric pressure air. Although the sprays of drops differ profoundly in both cases, the two corresponding I(Q) curves are nearly identical for relatively involatile liquids such as tributyl phosphate. A discussion on the possible relation between the behavior of Taylor cones of electrolytes of organic liquids and liquid metal ion sources (K∼106 S/m) is attempted, yielding insights on the role of space charge. However, the electrical conductivity variable which dominates the behavior of liquid cones of electrolytes appears to be irrelevant in liquid metals. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367002
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconducting resonator circuits at frequencies above the gap frequency (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 1795-1804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The frequency response of three superconductive niobium resonating circuits, formed by a Nb microstrip and a Nb tunnel junction, is measured and analyzed at frequencies above the superconducting gap frequency. The circuits are placed in a waveguide system and the frequency response is determined with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The calculated and measured resonance frequencies and bandwidths are in good agreement with the extreme anomalous limit of the Mattis–Bardeen theory on the anomalous skin effect in superconductors [D.C. Mattis and J. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. 111, 412 (1958)]. The observed loss is higher than predicted by this theory, in agreement with previous observations on Nb films. The use of other materials for striplines as tuning circuits for heterodyne superconducting tunnel junction mixers is analyzed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358876
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low noise high-Tc superconducting bolometers on silicon nitride membranes for far-infrared detection (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 4719-4726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-Tc GdBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor bolometers with operation temperatures near 89 K, large receiving areas of 0.95 mm2 and very high detectivity have been made. The bolometers are supported by 0.62 μm thick silicon nitride membranes. A specially developed silicon-on-nitride layer was used to enable the epitaxial growth of the high-Tc superconductor. Using a gold black absorption layer an absorption efficiency for wavelengths between 70 and 200 μm of about 83% has been established. The noise of the best devices is fully dominated by the intrinsic phonon noise of the thermal conductance G, and not by the 1/f noise of the superconducting film. The temperature dependence of the noise and the resulting optimum bias temperature have been investigated. In the analysis the often neglected effect of electrothermal feedback has been taken into account. The minimum electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) of a bolometer with a time constant τ of 95 ms is 2.9 pW/Hz1/2 which corresponds with an electrical detectivity D* of 3.4×1010 cm Hz1/2/W. Similar bolometers with τ=27 ms and NEP=3.8 pW/Hz1/2 were also made. No degradation of the bolometers could be observed after vibration tests, thermal cycling and half a year storage. Measurements of the noise of a Pr doped YBa2Cu3O7−δ film with Tc=40 K show that with such films the performance of air bridge type high-Tc bolometers could be improved. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366327
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symmetries and constants of the motion for higher-order Lagrangian systems (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 36 (1995), S. 4138-4161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: We obtain a classification of infinitesimal symmetries of an autonomous higher-order Lagrangian system by using the theory of lifts of vector fields to tangent bundles. Also, a classification of infinitesimal symmetries of a time-dependent higher-order Lagrangian system is obtained. The relationship between infinitesimal symmetries and constants of the motion is investigated. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.530952
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the geometry of non-holonomic Lagrangian systems (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 37 (1996), S. 3389-3414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: We present a geometric framework for non-holonomic Lagrangian systems in terms of distributions on the configuration manifold. If the constrained system is regular, an almost product structure on the phase space of velocities is constructed such that the constrained dynamics is obtained by projecting the free dynamics. If the constrained system is singular, we develop a constraint algorithm which is very similar to that developed by Dirac and Bergmann, and later globalized by Gotay and Nester. Special attention to the case of constrained systems given by connections is paid. In particular, we extend the results of Koiller for Caplygin systems. An application to the so-called non-holonomic geometry is given. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531571
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast pulsed radar reflectometry for the Textor Tokamak : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1034-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Progress in fusion research shows an increasing demand for diagnostics with high temporal and spatial resolution in order to study small and fast phenomena in fusion plasmas. Therefore, a new ten-channel pulsed radar reflectometer is under development for the TEXTOR Tokamak, to measure electron density profiles in the range of 0.4–4×1019 m−3 at a high repetition rate of 2 MHz. An additional feature of this diagnostic is the possibility to perform correlation measurements at 10 MHz repetition rate to investigate density fluctuations. The reflectometer will scan the plasma with 1-ns-long radar pulses in the 18–57 GHz range. In spite of the long flight time of the pulses of about 100 ns, the above mentioned high repetition rates could be achieved by time multiplexing the generation and reception of the radar pulses. Temporal selection of the received pulses is performed by fast switching of the local oscillators inputs of the heterodyne receiver, to generate time windows in which the reception of the reflected pulses is expected. An embedded VME controller will manage the system and store the data with a speed of 20 Msamples/s, up to a maximum of 64 Mbyte data per plasma shot. In order to facilitate the handling of such a huge amount of data, an advanced data reduction scheme is being developed. Remote operation with a fast data link from FZ Jülich (Germany) to FOM Nieuwegein (The Netherlands) will be possible. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149426
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular hyperpolarizabilities of retinal derivatives (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 5102-5106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report measurements of the third-order optical susceptibilities of 13-cis and all-trans retinal derivatives in chloroform liquid solutions using the Z scan and the optical Kerr gate techniques, with laser pulses of 70 ps and 60 fs, at 532 and 800 nm, respectively. The corresponding second hyperpolarizabilities of those molecules are estimated and the results compared to those obtained from semiempirical time-dependent Hartree–Fock calculations. The observed trends for the values of the nonlinear response are explained in terms of the π electron delocalization along the polyenic chain of the molecules. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479766
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization processes of free- and fixed-single-crystal antiferromagnets : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4626-4628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A simple two-sublattice model is used to analyze the magnetization process of anisotropic antiferromagnets at T=0. The magnetization is calculated for samples free to be oriented by the applied field (free single crystals or powders consisting of single-grain particles). We find that the anisotropy does not necessarily lead to a nonlinear M(B) relation, but that the magnetic isotherms are broken into two linear sections separated by a discontinuity. The difference between the slopes in the two regions enables a determination of the anisotropy constant K1. The results will be discussed in relation to our findings for the ferrimagnetic case and to the behavior of oriented antiferromagnetic crystals. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361685
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal expansion of single-crystalline UNiAl : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6358-6360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and specific heat measurements of UNiAl point to antiferromagnetic ordering below 19.3 K, which is confirmed by neutron-diffraction experiments. The enhanced γ value of 167 mJ/mol K2 is reflecting pronounced presence of magnetic fluctuations, which influence also the other electronic properties down to low temperatures. The thermal expansion of UNiAl was measured in the temperature range 1.5–210 K on a single crystal along the a and c axis. Similar to other bulk properties, also the thermal expansion of UNiAl is highly anisotropic. The a axis is monotonously expanding with increasing temperature in the whole temperature range. Along the c axis, the lattice first collapses with increasing temperature up to 35 K. Around this temperature, the thermal expansion coefficient αc changes sign and continuous expansion with further increasing temperature is then observed. The sharp anomaly of α near 19.3 K present in both directions is consistent with the magnetic phase transition. The results are discussed in terms of the presence of anisotropic magnetic fluctuations. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361999
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