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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between caldera collapse and eruptive dynamics during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, Phlegraean Fields, Italy (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1996), S. 541-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Campanian Ignimbrite ; Phlegraean Fields ; Caldera collapse ; Ignimbrite ; Co-ignimbrite breccia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Campanian Ignimbrite (36000 years B.P.) was produced by the explosive eruption of at least 80 km3 DRE of trachytic ash and pumice which covered most of the southern Italian peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean region. The eruption has been related to the 12-x15-km-diameter caldera located in the Phlegraean Fields, west of Naples. Proximal deposits on the periphery of the Phlegraean Fields comprise the following pyroclastic sequence from base to top: densely welded ignimbrite and lithic-rich breccias (unit A); sintered ignimbrite, low-grade ignimbrite and lithic-rich breccia (unit B); lithic-rich breccia and spatter agglutinate (unit C); and low-grade ignimbrite (unit D). Stratigraphic and componentry data, as well as distribution of accidental lithic types and the composition of pumice clasts of different units, indicate that coarse, lithic-rich breccias were emplaced at different stages during the eruption. Lower breccias are associated with fines-rich ignimbrites and are interpreted as co-ignimbrite lag breccia deposits. The main breccia unit (C) does not grade into a fines-rich ignimbrite, and therefore is interpreted as formed from a distinct lithic-rich flow. Units A and B exhibit a similar pattern of accidental lithic types, indicating that they were erupted from the same area, probably in the E of the caldera. Units C and D display a distinct pattern of lithics indicating expulsion from vent(s) that cut different areas. We suggest that unit C was ejected from several vents during the main stage of caldera collapse. Field relationships between spatter agglutinate and the breccia support the possibility that these deposits were erupted contemporaneously from vents with different eruptive style. The breccia may have resulted from a combination of magmatic and hydrothermal explosive activity that accompanied extensive fracturing and subsidence of the magma-chamber roof. The spatter rags probably derived from sustained and vigorous pyroclastic fountains. We propose that the association lithic-rich breccia and spatter agglutinate records the occurrence of catastrophic piecemeal collapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304438
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for Plinian eruptions of Vesuvius (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 289 (1981), S. 282-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Three representative sections from archaeological excavationsdemonstrate the principal characteristics of the entire eruptive sequence, assuming emplacement of pyroclastic flows, surges and lahars above the pumice bed, during the 30-h eruptive period. Data from more than 30 sections included in the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/289282a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical zoning and crystallization mechanisms in the magma chamber of the Pomici di Base plinian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (Italy) (1999)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 135 (1999), S. 179-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Products of the Pomici di Base plinian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius consist of pumice and scoria fall deposits overlain by lithic-rich phreatomagmatic deposits. The plinian fall, which represents most of the magma volume involved in the eruption, ranges in composition from trachyte (SiO2 = 62.5 wt%) to latite (SiO2 ≈ 58 wt%) in the lower one-third of the deposit, whereas the upper two-thirds of the total thickness consists of latitic scoriae with fairly uniform composition (SiO2 ≈ 55–56 wt%). All the products have very low content of phenocrysts (from 4 wt% in trachyte pumice to 1 wt% in the latite scoriae), most of which are not in equilibrium with the host rock. Minerals not in equilibrium, both in trachytic and latitic rocks, consist of discrete crystals of sanidine and plagioclase wetted by trachytic glass and felsic aggregates with interstital trachytic glass. Trends of major and trace elements are consistent with crystal-liquid fractionation processes and rule out syn-eruptive mixing processes between latitic and trachytic magmas. We suggest that discrete crystals and crystal aggregates not in equilibrium with the host rock represent fragments of the crystallising boundary layer at the upper walls of the magma chamber, which were wrenched and admixed into the magma during the ascent. This process diversifies the mineral assemblage and increases the crystal content of the rocks. We propose that diffusive crystallization processes operating at the wall of the chamber allowed the formation of a two-fold layered reservoir with a more mafic, homogeneous lower body and a more evolved, compositionally graded upper body. Around one-quarter of crystals adhering to the upper part of the magma chamber were admixed into the magma during the eruption. The absence of significant syn-eruptive mixing processes and the major role played by diffusive crystallization are consistent with a low aspect ratio magma chamber (width/height 〈1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050505
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volcanic hazard assessment in the Phlegraean Fields: a contribution based on stratigraphic and historical data (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 359-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phenomena occurring since 1982 in the Phlegraean Fields, interpreted as precursors of a potential renewal of volcanic activity, have forced us to anticipate some conclusions of a volcanic-hazard study based on the reconstruction of past eruptions in the area, to serve as basis for civil defense preparedness plans. The eruptive history of the Phlegraean Fields suggests a progressive decrease with time in the strength of eruptive phenomena paralleling a migration of vents towards the center of the Phlegraean caldera. Studies concerning the volcanic risk zonation were therefore concentrated on activities during the last 4,500 years and two eruptions (Monte Nuovo and Agnano Monte Spina), that occurred in 1538 and 4,400 years B.P., respectively were selected as the «reference eruptions» from which possible eruption scenarios were drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961567
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between caldera collapse and eruptive dynamics during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, Phlegraean Fields, Italy (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1996), S. 541-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Campanian Ignimbrite ; Phlegraean Fields ; Caldera collapse ; Ignimbrite ; Co-ignimbrite breccia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Campanian Ignimbrite (36 000 years B.P.) was produced by the explosive eruption of at least 80 km3 DRE of trachytic ash and pumice which covered most of the southern Italian peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean region. The eruption has been related to the 12-×15-km-diameter caldera located in the Phlegraean Fields, west of Naples. Proximal deposits on the periphery of the Phlegraean Fields comprise the following pyroclastic sequence from base to top: densely welded ignimbrite and lithic-rich breccias (unit A); sintered ignimbrite, low-grade ignimbrite and lithic-rich breccia (unit B); lithic-rich breccia and spatter agglutinate (unit C); and low-grade ignimbrite (unit D). Stratigraphic and componentry data, as well as distribution of accidental lithic types and the composition of pumice clasts of different units, indicate that coarse, lithic-rich breccias were emplaced at different stages during the eruption. Lower breccias are associated with fines-rich ignimbrites and are interpreted as co-ignimbrite lag breccia deposits. The main breccia unit (C) does not grade into a fines-rich ignimbrite, and therefore is interpreted as formed from a distinct lithic-rich flow. Units A and B exhibit a similar pattern of accidental lithic types, indicating that they were erupted from the same area, probably in the E of the caldera. Units C and D display a distinct pattern of lithics indicating expulsion from vent(s) that cut different areas. We suggest that unit C was ejected from several vents during the main stage of caldera collapse. Field relationships between spatter agglutinate and the breccia support the possibility that these deposits were erupted contemporaneously from vents with different eruptive style. The breccia may have resulted from a combination of magmatic and hydrothermal explosive activity that accompanied extensive fracturing and subsidence of the magma-chamber roof. The spatter rags probably derived from sustained and vigorous pyroclastic fountains. We propose that the association lithic-rich breccia and spatter agglutinate records the occurrence of catastrophic piecemeal collapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304438
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral correlates for minor volatile compounds from stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1907-1920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Scelionidae ; Tachinidae ; Nezara ; Euschistus ; Eurydema ; Acrosternum ; Trissolcus ; pheromone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many terrestrial Heteroptera have small, but functional, dorsal abdominal glands as adults. The chemistry, and associated intra- and inter-specific behavior, for dorsal abdominal gland secretions from 10 species representing four genera of Pentatomidae was investigated. Eighteen volatile compounds were identified in species-specific blends from the dorsal abdominal gland secretions ofEuschistus, Acrosternum, andEurydema adults, including aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid constituents. Evidence from bioassays is presented that parasitic Tachinidae (Diptera) and Scelionidae (Hymenoptera) use these secretions as kairomones. A field experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that minor volatiles increase the specificity of the main pheromone component from NearcticEuschistus species, methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate. However, significantly fewer individuals ofE. tristigmus were captured in traps baited with the complete blend for this species than in traps baited with methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate alone. Thus, at the concentrations tested, these kinds of dorsal abdominal gland secretions may be epideictic, promoting spacing in the natural habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033851
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of Egg Parasitoid Telenomus busseolae to Sex Pheromone of Sesamia nonagrioides (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2437-2444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; corn ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; semiochemicals ; Y-tube olfactometer ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory cues involved in the host-finding behavior of Telenomus busseolae Gahan, a solitary egg parasitoid of the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre), were studied. The female wasp was attracted to odors from calling virgin females of S. nonagrioides in a Y-tube olfactometer. No response was elicited by noncalling virgin female moths and/or mated female moths. A four-component commercially available sex pheromone of the corn borer was also tested, as were the individual components of the mixture. T. busseolae respond to the whole blend [(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and dodecyl acetate in the ratio of 8.5:1:1:2]. Z11–16:OH was the only compound that elicited no significant activity. These results suggest that the sex pheromone released by the host female S. nonagrioides is used by T. busseolae as an indirect cue to locate egg masses of this host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006657.11973.27
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  • 8
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    Plinian pumice fall deposit of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (Phlegraean Fields, Italy) (1999)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0377-0273
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-6097
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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    The phlegraean fields: Magma evolution within a shallow chamber (1983)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0377-0273
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-6097
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Chronology and dispersal characteristics of recently (last 5000 years) erupted tephra of Cotopaxi (Ecuador): implications for long-term eruptive forecasting (1995)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0377-0273
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-6097
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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