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  • 1
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    Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: We used molecular markers to study genetic relationships in a diverse collection of 85 domestic dog breeds. Differences among breeds accounted for approximately 30% of genetic variation. Microsatellite genotypes were used to correctly assign 99% of individual dogs to breeds. Phylogenetic analysis separated several breeds with ancient origins from the remaining breeds with modern European origins. We identified four genetic clusters, which predominantly contained breeds with similar geographic origin, morphology, or role in human activities. These results provide a genetic classification of dog breeds and will aid studies of the genetics of phenotypic breed differences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, Heidi G -- Kim, Lisa V -- Sutter, Nathan B -- Carlson, Scott -- Lorentzen, Travis D -- Malek, Tiffany B -- Johnson, Gary S -- DeFrance, Hawkins B -- Ostrander, Elaine A -- Kruglyak, Leonid -- K05 CA90754/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00035/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1160-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Post Office Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; *Breeding ; Computational Biology ; Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Genotype ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in brook and brown trout survival within and among seasons, species, and age classes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Program MARK was used to generate and test a plausible set of survival models for brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta to determine whether survival differed by season, species or age class. Apparent survival varied with time and age, but not by species. For the older (1999) age class, survival was lowest during the autumn of their age 1+ year whereas survival was lowest for the younger (2000) age class during the early summer of their age 1+ year. Additionally, estimates of survival for the younger age class exceeded those of the older age class in all but one interval (early summer 2001) but significant differences were observed in only one of these intervals (autumn 2000). To determine whether the observed seasonal differences in survival were related to seasonal differences in movement rates, multi-strata spatial models were used within Program MARK to determine the probability of moving for each interval. In-site movement rates were found to be low regardless of season (average for all cohorts combined was 5%). The ability of the multi-strata modelling approach to detect temporal variability in movement, however, was potentially limited by spatial scale of the study reach (c. 1 km). Differences in survival between different aged fishes could lead to selection acting on age at maturity or reproductive effort at a given age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00191.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical interaction of Fe and Al 2 O 3 as a source of heterogeneity at the Earth's core–mantle boundary (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 412 (2001), S. 527-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seismological studies have revealed that a complex texture or heterogeneity exists in the Earth's inner core and at the boundary between core and mantle. These studies highlight the importance of understanding the properties of iron when modelling the composition and dynamics of the core and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35087559
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site fidelity of spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka W.) in the presence and absence of olfactory cues (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Ecology of freshwater fish 13 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract –  We examined the site fidelity of spawning adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by tagging and releasing fish in the same stream reach (controls) and displacing them among different but nearby sites (c. 50 m away). Three sites – two above a stream junction (‘upper’ reach and ‘pond’) and one below (‘lower’ reach) – allowed us to compare the behavior of salmon in the presence and absence of olfactory cues and habitat similarity. Most controls of both sexes (90%) remained in the immediate vicinity of the tagging and release site. When displaced downstream, where the odors of both the upper reach and the pond were detectable, most salmon returned to their former site (65%). Displaced sockeye were more likely to return to the pond from the lower reach than from the upper one (P = 0.05), consistent with olfactory orientation and the hypothesis that salmon prefer certain habitats. Salmon displaced from the upper to the lower reach were much more likely to return than those displaced to the pond (P 〈 0.01), consistent with the role of odors in orientation and inconsistent with the habitat choice hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2004.00044.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The SP Diastereomer of a Dinucleoside Methylphosphonate Methanol Solvate Containing Thymine and N3-Methyl-4-thiothymine Bases (1995)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 51 (1995), S. 411-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270194006281
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic evidence that the two isozymes of sucrose synthase present in developing maize endosperm are critical, one for cell wall integrity and the other for starch biosynthesis (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 259 (1998), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsZea mays ; Sucrose synthase ; Isozymes ; Cellulose biosynthesis ; Starch biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In maize, two paralogous genes, Sh1 and Sus1, encode two biochemically similar isozymes of sucrose synthase, SS1 and SS2, respectively. Previous studies have attributed the mild starch deficiency of the shrunken1 (sh1) endosperm to the loss of the SS1 isozyme in the mutant. Here we describe the first mutation in the sucrose synthase1 (Sus1) gene, sus1-1, and the isolation of a double recessive genotype, sh1 sus1-1. Combined data from diverse studies, including Northern and Western analyses, RT-PCR and genomic PCR, cloning and sequencing data for the 3′ region, show that the mutant sus1-1 gene has a complex pattern of expression, albeit at much reduced levels as compared to the Sus1 gene. Endosperm sucrose synthase activity in sh1 sus1-1 was barely 0.5% of the total activity in the Sh1 Sus1 genotype. Significantly, comparative analyses of Sh1 Sus1, sh1 Sus1 and sh1 sus1-1 genotypes have, for the first time, allowed us to dissect the relative contributions of each isozyme to endosperm development. Starch contents in endosperm of the three related genotypes were 100, 78 and 53%, respectively. Anatomical analyses, which confirmed the previously described early cell degeneration phenotype unique to the sh1 Sus1 endosperm, revealed no detectable difference between the two sh1 genotypes. We conclude that the SS1 isozyme plays the dominant role in providing the substrate for cellulose biosynthesis, whereas the SS2 protein is needed mainly for generating precursors for starch biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050792
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for plasma membrane-associated forms of sucrose synthase in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 252 (1996), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Sucrose synthase ; Plasma membrane ; Cellulose biosynthesis ; Endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasma membrane fractions were isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms and etiolated kernels to investigate the possible membrane location of the sucrose synthase (SS) protein. Endosperms from seedlings at both 12 and 21 days after pollination (DAP), representing early and mid-developmental stages, were used, in addition to etiolated leaf and elongation zones from seedlings. Plasma membrane fractions were isolated from this material using differential centrifugation and aqueous two-phase partitioning. The plasma membrane-enriched fraction obtained was then analyzed for the presence of sucrose synthase using protein blots and activity measurements. Both isozymes SS1 and SS2, encoded by the lociSh1 andSus1, respectively, were detected in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction using polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to SS1 and SS2 isozymes. In addition, measurements of sucrose synthase activity in plasma membrane fractions of endosperm revealed high levels of specific activity. The sucrose synthase enzyme is tightly associated with the membrane, as shown by Triton X-100 treatment of the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. It is noteworthy that the gene products of bothSh1 andSus1 were detectable as both soluble and plasma membrane-associated forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02173776
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A point mutation at the Miniature1 seed locus reduces levels of the encoded protein, but not its mRNA, in maize (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 263 (2000), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Cell wall invertase ; EMS-induced mutation ; Zea mays ; miniature seed mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here on the molecular nature of an EMS-induced mutant, mn1-89, a leaky semidominant allele of the Miniature1 (Mn1) seed locus that encodes a seed-specific cell wall invertase, INCW2. The mn1-89 locus specifies normal levels of the Incw2 transcript but extremely low levels (about 6% of normal) of the protein and enzyme activity are expressed. Sequence analysis of Incw2 clones derived from the parental Mn1 and the mutant genotypes shows a C to T transition in the mn1-89 allele, leading to a single amino acid alteration (proline to leucine) near the C-terminus of the mutant INCW2 protein. Although this change is not in the catalytic domain, putative N-glycosylation sites, or the β-fructosidase motif, it does lie in a motif that is well conserved among all plant invertases and related fructosyltransferases. On the basis of these genetic in planta data, we believe we have identified a proline residue in a hitherto unknown GPFG motif as critical for the stability of such proteins. The single base change (C to T) also leads to the elimination of a BglI restriction site in the mutant allele. Indeed, BglI restriction digests of genomic DNAs from mn1-89 and Mn1 genotypes show one and two fragments, respectively. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR-derived endosperm Incw clones from mn1-1 (the reference allele) seeds predict five amino acid substitutions relative to Mn1. Whether or not these sequences are encoded by the mn1-1 locus or another non-allelic Incw gene in the maize genome remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380051180
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An instrumental neutron activation analysis of 18th century lead-glazed earthenwares from four Spanish missions in Texas (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 196 (1995), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was used to determine relative manufacturing locales of lead-glazed earthenwares recovered from four Spanish missions in Texas. Two principal clays were distinguished, one containing volcanic ash and one sand. The ceramics characterized by the volcanic ash were believed to have been manufactured in Mexico, while those containing sand were made in Texas. This distinctionis important because it suggests that the Indians at the Texas missions were manufacturing ceramics using Spanish technology such as lead-glazing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038038
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  • 10
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    Anti-DNA antibodies are a major component of the intrathecal B cell response in multiple sclerosis (2001)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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