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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glyphosate effects on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) roots, root buds, and shoots (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 28 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Glyphosate† was sprayed at 0009–1·12 kg a.i. ha−1 on the foliage of large potted glasshouse-grown Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.], which had extensive, well-developed roots. Increasing the glyphosate rate progressively reduced the total number of visible adventitious root buds plus emerged secondary shoots per plant proportionately more than root biomass, 10 days after treatment. Cortical tissue of thickened propagative roots became soft, water-soaked, darkened, and some regions decomposed, exposing strands of vascular tissue. Lateral roots completely decomposed. When thickened roots were segmented to stimulate secondary shoot emergence from root buds 10 days after foliar treatment, Fewer secondary shoots emerged than expected from the number of visible adventitious root buds present on both control and herbicide-treated plants. Increasing the rate of glyphosate also reduced the regrowth potential of root buds proportionately more than root biomass. Regrowth potential was measured as the number of emerged secondary shoots 35 days after segmenting unearthed roots from plants that had been sprayed 10 days earlier. When foliar-applied at 0·28 kg ha−1, glyphosate decreased the regrowth potential of root buds to zero in 2 and 3 days, as measured by secondary shoot dry weight and number, respectively, even though root fresh weight was unchanged 3 days after foliar treatment. These dose-response and time-course experiments demonstrate that glyphosate did not reduce root biomass as much as it decreased root bud numbers and secondary shoot regrowth potential from root buds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00783.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic evidence that the two isozymes of sucrose synthase present in developing maize endosperm are critical, one for cell wall integrity and the other for starch biosynthesis (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 259 (1998), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsZea mays ; Sucrose synthase ; Isozymes ; Cellulose biosynthesis ; Starch biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In maize, two paralogous genes, Sh1 and Sus1, encode two biochemically similar isozymes of sucrose synthase, SS1 and SS2, respectively. Previous studies have attributed the mild starch deficiency of the shrunken1 (sh1) endosperm to the loss of the SS1 isozyme in the mutant. Here we describe the first mutation in the sucrose synthase1 (Sus1) gene, sus1-1, and the isolation of a double recessive genotype, sh1 sus1-1. Combined data from diverse studies, including Northern and Western analyses, RT-PCR and genomic PCR, cloning and sequencing data for the 3′ region, show that the mutant sus1-1 gene has a complex pattern of expression, albeit at much reduced levels as compared to the Sus1 gene. Endosperm sucrose synthase activity in sh1 sus1-1 was barely 0.5% of the total activity in the Sh1 Sus1 genotype. Significantly, comparative analyses of Sh1 Sus1, sh1 Sus1 and sh1 sus1-1 genotypes have, for the first time, allowed us to dissect the relative contributions of each isozyme to endosperm development. Starch contents in endosperm of the three related genotypes were 100, 78 and 53%, respectively. Anatomical analyses, which confirmed the previously described early cell degeneration phenotype unique to the sh1 Sus1 endosperm, revealed no detectable difference between the two sh1 genotypes. We conclude that the SS1 isozyme plays the dominant role in providing the substrate for cellulose biosynthesis, whereas the SS2 protein is needed mainly for generating precursors for starch biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050792
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for plasma membrane-associated forms of sucrose synthase in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 252 (1996), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Sucrose synthase ; Plasma membrane ; Cellulose biosynthesis ; Endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasma membrane fractions were isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms and etiolated kernels to investigate the possible membrane location of the sucrose synthase (SS) protein. Endosperms from seedlings at both 12 and 21 days after pollination (DAP), representing early and mid-developmental stages, were used, in addition to etiolated leaf and elongation zones from seedlings. Plasma membrane fractions were isolated from this material using differential centrifugation and aqueous two-phase partitioning. The plasma membrane-enriched fraction obtained was then analyzed for the presence of sucrose synthase using protein blots and activity measurements. Both isozymes SS1 and SS2, encoded by the lociSh1 andSus1, respectively, were detected in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction using polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to SS1 and SS2 isozymes. In addition, measurements of sucrose synthase activity in plasma membrane fractions of endosperm revealed high levels of specific activity. The sucrose synthase enzyme is tightly associated with the membrane, as shown by Triton X-100 treatment of the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. It is noteworthy that the gene products of bothSh1 andSus1 were detectable as both soluble and plasma membrane-associated forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02173776
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A point mutation at the Miniature1 seed locus reduces levels of the encoded protein, but not its mRNA, in maize (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 263 (2000), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Cell wall invertase ; EMS-induced mutation ; Zea mays ; miniature seed mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here on the molecular nature of an EMS-induced mutant, mn1-89, a leaky semidominant allele of the Miniature1 (Mn1) seed locus that encodes a seed-specific cell wall invertase, INCW2. The mn1-89 locus specifies normal levels of the Incw2 transcript but extremely low levels (about 6% of normal) of the protein and enzyme activity are expressed. Sequence analysis of Incw2 clones derived from the parental Mn1 and the mutant genotypes shows a C to T transition in the mn1-89 allele, leading to a single amino acid alteration (proline to leucine) near the C-terminus of the mutant INCW2 protein. Although this change is not in the catalytic domain, putative N-glycosylation sites, or the β-fructosidase motif, it does lie in a motif that is well conserved among all plant invertases and related fructosyltransferases. On the basis of these genetic in planta data, we believe we have identified a proline residue in a hitherto unknown GPFG motif as critical for the stability of such proteins. The single base change (C to T) also leads to the elimination of a BglI restriction site in the mutant allele. Indeed, BglI restriction digests of genomic DNAs from mn1-89 and Mn1 genotypes show one and two fragments, respectively. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR-derived endosperm Incw clones from mn1-1 (the reference allele) seeds predict five amino acid substitutions relative to Mn1. Whether or not these sequences are encoded by the mn1-1 locus or another non-allelic Incw gene in the maize genome remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380051180
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  • 5
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    Morphological Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships Among Extant Rhynchonellide Brachiopods (2013)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-20
    Description: A bstract Rhynchonellida is the stratigraphically oldest and phylogenetically most basal of the extant rhynchonelliform brachiopod orders, yet phylogenetic relationships among rhynchonellides are poorly known. The fourteen named rhynchonellide superfamilies (four of which have extant representatives) were defined primarily on the basis of features of the dorsal cardinalia, particularly crural morphology, but their homology and polarity have not been investigated rigorously. Superfamily monophyly is unclear, as is the evolution of several distinctive rhynchonellide morphological features, such as crura. The purpose of this study is to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among extant rhynchonellide genera using skeletal characters, and to compare the results with the current classification, elucidating the evolution of morphological features in the process. We completed parsimony-based and Bayesian analyses using fifty-eight characters of the interior and exterior of the shell that vary among the nineteen extant genera. Our results are readily interpretable with respect to the classification, and indicate that Hemithiridoidea, Dimerelloidea, and (in some analyses) Pugnacoidea appear to be monophyletic. Species classified in Dimerelloidea and Pugnacoidea, and in certain cases Hemithiridoidea, each form derived subclades that evolve from within a paraphyletic Norelloidea at the base of each subclade. Raduliform crura appear to be the most basal, phylogenetically; five other crural morphologies evolve from the raduliform state. However, morphological characters currently uniting genera in rhynchonellide superfamilies are not clearly diagnostic and exhibit a relatively high degree of homoplasy overall, suggesting that consistency with the classification may be based on a false sense of confidence in rhynchonellide morphology to clearly elucidate evolutionary relationships. Published molecular phylogenetic hypotheses conflict with the morphological topologies, further supporting this possibility. The evolutionary trends among diagnostic characters of Recent rhynchonellides appear to reflect successive juvenilization in adult morphology in several subclades, suggesting that heterochrony may have played an important role in the evolution of the group.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 6
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    Presidential Address (2014)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 7
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    Presentation of the Pojeta Award of the Paleontological Society to John and Mary Lou Pojeta (2014)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 8
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    PREDATION ON MODERN AND FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS: ASSESSING CHEMICAL DEFENSES AND PALATABILITY (2014)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    In: PALAIOS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: The post-Paleozoic decline of the diversity and abundance of rhynchonelliform brachiopods has been attributed to a variety of factors. Of the possible mechanisms invoked to explain the evolutionary decline and cryptic or antitropical distribution of brachiopods, predation has frequently been dismissed due to the potentially low energetic value and suspected nonpalatability or toxicity of brachiopod tissues. Herein we demonstrate that multiple invertebrate marine predators (crustaceans, echinoderms, and gastropods) are willing and able to consume brachiopods in laboratory settings without observable negative effects after ingestion. In addition, field samples indicate predation pressure on the living brachiopod population may be substantial. Although feeding trials are consistent with previous reports that bivalves are preferred prey relative to brachiopods, predation should not be dismissed as a potentially important factor in brachiopod ecology and evolution. The results presented herein reveal that in some cases brachiopods may be the intended target of predatory attacks, especially in habitats where mollusks are rare or absent. Examination of the fossil record of predation on rhynchonelliform brachiopods is consistent with this interpretation: evidence for drilling and repair of brachiopod shells is found throughout the fossil record in multiple lineages. While it is likely that predation traces on post-Paleozoic brachiopods are generally rare, there are multiple reports of fossil localities with anomalously high drill-hole or repair-scar frequencies. This suggests that although brachiopods may be unwanted prey in the presence of energetically more desirable targets, they do appear to be edible and subject to intense predator-prey interactions under certain conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 9
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    PREDATION ON MODERN AND FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS: ASSESSING CHEMICAL DEFENSES AND PALATABILITY (2014)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology
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