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  • 2020-2024  (4)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-07-27
    Description: Cropland is a main source of global nitrogen pollution1,2. Mitigating nitrogen pollution from global croplands is a grand challenge because of the nature of non-point-source pollution from millions of farms and the constraints to implementing pollution-reduction measures, such as lack of financial resources and limited nitrogen-management knowledge of farmers3. Here we synthesize 1,521 field observations worldwide and identify 11 key measures that can reduce nitrogen losses from croplands to air and water by 30–70%, while increasing crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 10–30% and 10–80%, respectively. Overall, adoption of this package of measures on global croplands would allow the production of 17 ± 3 Tg (1012 g) more crop nitrogen (20% increase) with 22 ± 4 Tg less nitrogen fertilizer used (21% reduction) and 26 ± 5 Tg less nitrogen pollution (32% reduction) to the environment for the considered base year of 2015. These changes could gain a global societal benefit of 476 ± 123 billion US dollars (USD) for food supply, human health, ecosystems and climate, with net mitigation costs of only 19 ± 5 billion USD, of which 15 ± 4 billion USD fertilizer saving offsets 44% of the gross mitigation cost. To mitigate nitrogen pollution from croplands in the future, innovative policies such as a nitrogen credit system (NCS) could be implemented to select, incentivize and, where necessary, subsidize the adoption of these measures.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-07-26
    Description: The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably linked[1,2,3], yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized; consequently, they are often treated independently[4,5]. Here, we use modelling and literature assessment to quantify safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols at global and subglobal scales. We propose ESBs for maintaining the resilience and stability of the Earth system (safe ESBs) and minimizing exposure to significant harm to humans from Earth system change (a necessary but not sufficient condition for justice)[4]. The stricter of the safe or just boundaries sets the integrated safe and just ESB. Our findings show that justice considerations constrain the integrated ESBs more than safety considerations for climate and atmospheric aerosol loading. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just ESBs and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future.
    Description: Abstract Main Quantifying ESBs Toward a safe and just future Methods Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Funding Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Extended data figures and tables
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: In this report document, we discuss the approach to a global integrated nitrogen assessment model chain allowing to evaluate the consequences of different socio-economic drivers (scenarios) and N mitigation management in terms of: (i) benefits, including food, feed, fibre (wood) and energy production and (ii) threats, including pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, affecting the quality of air, soil and water and related climate, human health and biodiversity impacts and (iii) cost-effectiveness. This is done by addressing: •The overall modelling approach, including (i) the type of models that are neededto simulate nitrogen benefits and threats and (ii) the model linkages needed toenable a consistent multi-model approach in response to a consistent set ofscenarios of drivers (population development, income etc.) and N mitigationmeasures.•The modelling practice including (i) the modelling approaches, distinguishingbetween empirical and process-based models, and (ii) the available models thatwould serve an integrated global scale nitrogen assessment, considering thevariety of impacts and scales.•A modelling protocol of the involved models including information on: (i) themodels involved, (ii) basic agreements on base year (2010), spatial extent andresolution, temporal extent and resolution, (iii) scenarios, (iv) model outputsand (v) model linkages.•A database platform for the INMS model inputs and outputs.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: Forests play a key role in a bio-based economy by providing renewable materials, mitigating climate change, and accommodating biodiversity. However, forests experience massive increases in stresses in their ecological and socioeconomic environments, threatening forest ecosystem services supply. Alleviating those stresses is hampered by conflicting and disconnected governance arrangements, competing interests and claims, and rapid changes in technology and social demands. Identifying which stresses threaten forest ecosystem services supply and which factors hamper their alleviation requires stakeholders' perceptions. Stakeholder-oriented stress tests for the supply of forest ecosystem services are therefore necessary but are not yet available. This perspective presents a roadmap to develop a stress test tailored to multiple stakeholders' needs and demands across spatial scales. We provide the Cascade and Resilience Rosetta, with accompanying performance- and resilience indicators, as tools to facilitate development of the stress test. The application of the stress test will facilitate the transition toward a bio-based economy in which healthy and diverse forests provide sustainable and resilient ecosystem services.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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