ALBERT

Description: Physical, chemical and biogeochemical measurements derived from CTD-rosette deployments during three visits to site P3 (November to December, 2017) in the South Atlantic. Measurements were made during COMICS cruise DY086 on the RRS Discovery using a trace metal free Titanium Rosette (events 4, 7, 15, 19, 24, 26, 29) and a Stainless Steel Rosette (all other events). Physical parameters include temperature, salinity, density, photosynthetically active radiation and turbulence; chemical parameters include dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen saturation, nitrate, phosphate and silicate; biogeochemical parameters include turbidity, beam transmittance, beam attenuation, fluorescence, particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chlorophyll-a, net primary productivity (NPP), ambient leucine assimilation and bacterial cell count. To determine turbulence, a downward facing lowered acoustic doppler current profiler (LADCP, Teledyne Workhorse Monitor 300 kHz ADCP) was attached to the CTD frame. Shear and strain, which are obtained from velocity and density measurements, were used to estimate the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy and the diapycnal eddy diffusivity from a fine-scale parameterisation. Estimates are calculated by parameterising internal wave-wave interactions and assuming that wave breaking modulates turbulent mixing. A detailed description of the method for calculating diffusivity from LADCP and CTD can be found in Kunze et al. (2006). Two datasets with different vertical resolutions were produced: one in which the shear is integrated from 150 to 300 m and the strain over 20-150 m, and one in which the shear is integrated from 70 to 200 m and the strain over 30-200 m. Nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate) were determined via colourimetric analysis (see cruise report, Giering and Sanders, 2019), POC was determined as described in Giering et al. (2023), DOC and DOC flux were determined as described in Lovecchio et al. (2023), NPP was determined as described in Poulton et al. (2019), and ambient leucine assimilation and bacterial cell count were determined as described in Rayne et al. (2024). Bacterial abundance and leucine assimilation were made from bottle samples of six CTD casts of the stainless-steel rosette. Water was collected at six depths (6 m, deep-chlorophyll maximum, mixed layer depth + 10, 100, 250 and 500 m). Acid-cleaned HDPE carboys and tubing were used for sampling. Samples were then stored in the dark and at in-situ temperature prior to on-board laboratory sample preparation or analysis. Flow cytometry was used to measure bacterial abundance. Room temperature paraformaldehyde was used to fix 1.6 ml samples for 30 minutes. Then, using liquid nitrogen, the samples were flash frozen and stored at -80°C. Samples were then defrosted before being stained using SYBR Green I and run through the flow cytometer (BD FACSort™). The method of Hill et al. (2013) was applied to determine prokaryotic leucine assimilation using L-[4,5-³H] leucine which has a specific activity of 89.3 Ci/mmol­. In the mixed and upper layers of the water column, the protocol in Zubkov et al. (2007) was followed. Below the mixed layer, adaptions to the method included reducing the concentration of ³H-Leucine to 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.04 and 0.05 nM; increasing experimental volumes to 30 ml; enhancing incubation times to 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. These adaptions were made to improve accuracy where lower rates of leucine assimilation were expected. Data were provided by the British Oceanographic Data Centre and funded by the National Environment Research Council.

Description: Plant, soil and algal rock scrape samples were taken in both April and August 2013 on Disko Island, West Greenland using a small trowel, placed into plastic bags, and subsequently transferred into glass vials for freeze drying, with samples powdered using a liquid nitrogen freezer mill and a pestle and mortar. Surface sediments were taken from the uppermost 0.5 cm interval of a HON-Kajak core from lakes Disko 1, 2, & 4. Samples were analysed for carbon isotopes (δ¹³C~org~) and C~org~/N ratios (including provision of TOC and N) using a Costech ECS4010 elemental analyser (EA) coupled to a VG Triple Trap and a VG Optima dual-inlet mass spectrometer (BGS, Keyworth). Analyses were completed as part of Mark A. Stevenson's PhD research while based at the University of Nottingham, UK (Stevenson, 2017, http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/46579). Samples are arranged here by broad specimen group for subsequent data exploration. Acknowledgements: Mark Stevenson gratefully acknowledges the receipt of a NERC/ESRC studentship (ES/J500100/1). We acknowledge grants IP-1393-1113 & IP-1516-1114 from the NERC Isotope Geosciences laboratory (NIGL) for the analysis of δ¹³Corg & C/N ratios on sediment, soil and plant samples. We thank Christopher Kendrick for technical support. Financial support for fieldwork was awarded via the INTERACT transnational access scheme (grant agreement No 262693) under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme and UK RI NERC grant NE/K000276/1. Logistical support is acknowledged from University of Copenhagen Arktisk Station including Ole Stecher, Kjeld Mølgaard and Erik Wille.

Description: Elevated seawater CO2 can cause a range of behavioural impairments in marine fishes. However, most studies to date have been conducted on small benthic species and very little is known about how higher oceanic CO2 levels could affect the behaviour of large pelagic species. Here, we tested the effects of elevated CO2, and where possible the interacting effects of high temperature, on a range of ecologically important behaviours (anxiety, routine activity, behavioural lateralization and visual acuity) in juvenile yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. Kingfish were reared from the egg stage to 25 days post-hatch in a full factorial design of ambient and elevated CO2 (∼500 and ∼1000 μatm pCO2) and temperature (21 °C and 25 °C). The effects of elevated CO2 were trait-specific with anxiety the only behaviour significantly affected. Juvenile S. lalandi reared at elevated CO2 spent more time in the dark zone during a standard black-white test, which is indicative of increased anxiety. Exposure to high temperature had no significant effect on any of the behaviours tested. Overall, our results suggest that juvenile S. lalandi are largely behaviourally tolerant to future ocean acidification and warming. Given the ecological and economic importance of large pelagic fish species more studies investigating the effect of future climate change are urgently needed.

Description: The GLObal Reflectance community dataset for Imaging and optical sensing of Aquatic environments (GLORIA) includes 7,572 curated hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance measurements at 1 nm intervals within the 350 to 900 nm wavelength range. In addition, at least one co-located water quality measurement, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, absorption by dissolved substances, and Secchi depth, is provided. The data were contributed by researchers affiliated with 53 institutions worldwide and come from 450 different water bodies, making GLORIA the de-facto state of knowledge of in situ coastal and inland aquatic optical diversity.

Description: Lake sediment samples were taken in April 2013 from the ice by drilling through lake ice and recovering an undisturbed core using a HON-Kajak sediment corer. Samples were analysed for pigments (University of Nottingham), carbon isotopes and C/N ratios (BGS, Keyworth), lipid biomarkers (Newcastle University) and compound-specific carbon isotopes (CUG, Wuhan). The purpose of the analyses was to develop an environmental reconstruction of carbon cycling for an upland lake (named Disko 2) to encompass the Little Ice Age to recent warming climate periods. Analyses were completed as part of Mark A. Stevenson's PhD research while based at the University of Nottingham, UK (Stevenson, 2017, http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/46579). ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ¹³⁷Cs and ²⁴¹Am concentrations were measured by direct gamma assay in the Environmental Radiometric Facility at University College London (Dr Handong Yang), using an ORTEC HPGe GWL series well-type coaxial low background intrinsic germanium detector. Radiometric dating techniques follow Appleby et al, 1986 (doi: 10.1007/BF00026640), Appleby et al, 1992 (doi:10.1016/0168-583X(92)95328-O) and Appleby, 2001 (doi:10.1007/0-306-47669-X_9) with core extrapolation and linear interpolation used to derive an age depth model to the base of the core. The pigment β-carotene was analysed on an Agilent 1200 series high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using separation conditions outlined in McGowan et al., 2012 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02689.x). Bulk δ¹³C and C~org~/N ratios were analysed on acidified samples using a Costech ECS4010 elemental analyser (EA) coupled to a VG Triple Trap and a VG Optima dual-inlet mass spectrometer. Key lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids (as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), n-alkanols and sterols) were analysed using an Agilent 7890A GC coupled to a 5975C MS according to Pearson et al., 2007 (doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.02.007) and are expressed as ratios, relative to the total of each compound class. Specific ratios were also calculated for CPI 2 n-alkanes (Marzi et al., 1993; doi:10.1016/0146-6380(93)90016-5), terrestrial aquatic ratio (TAR) for n-alkanes (Bourbonniere and Meyers, 1996; doi:10.1007/s002540050074), index of waxy n-alkanes to total hydrocarbons (PWAX) (Zheng et al., 2007; doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.06.012) and carbon preference index (CPI) for n-alkanoic acids (Matsuda and Koyama, 1977) (doi:10.1016/0016-7037(77)90214-9). Compound-specific δ¹³C on C~28:0~ fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was analysed using a Thermo Finnigan Trace GC coupled to a Thermo Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer using a combustion interface (GC-C-IRMS) according to conditions in Huang et al. (2018; doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03804-w). Acknowledgements: Mark Stevenson gratefully acknowledges the receipt of a NERC/ESRC studentship (ES/J500100/1). We acknowledge grants IP-1393-1113 & IP-1516-1114 from the NERC Isotope Geosciences laboratory (NIGL) for the analysis of δ¹³C~org~ & C/N ratios on sediment, soil and plant samples. Lipid and water chemistry analyses were funded by the Freshwater Biological Association's 2015 Gilson Le Cren Memorial Award to Mark Stevenson. We thank Teresa Needham, Christopher Kendrick, Julie Swales, Ian Conway, Graham Morris, Bernard Bowler, Paul Donohoe, Qingwei Song and Jiantao Xue for technical support. We acknowledge the support of Handong Yang for radiometric dating. Financial support for fieldwork was awarded via the INTERACT transnational access scheme (grant agreement No 262693) under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme and UK RI NERC grant NE/K000276/1. Logistical support is acknowledged from University of Copenhagen Arktisk Station including Ole Stecher, Kjeld Mølgaard and Erik Wille.