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  • MDPI  (7)
  • PANGAEA
  • Hindawi
  • 2020-2024  (8)
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  • 1
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    Monitoring CO2 Hazards of Volcanic Origin: A Case Study at the Island of Vulcano (Italy) during 2021–2022 (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-07
    Description: The La Fossa volcano is near the inhabited zone of the island of Vulcano and is a suitable case for studying gas sources of different geological origins. Since the last eruption, fumarolic-solfataric ac-tivity has interested this area with fumarolic emissions, mainly at the top of the volcanic cone and at Vulcano Porto. In recent decades, the anomalous degassing zones on the island have not significantly changed their location. On the contrary, there have been several significant changes in the emission rate due to the addition of volcanic gas. In these zones, CO2 flux from the ground is responsible for a decrease in the indoor air quality. A recent increase in volcanic degassing led to an increase in the gas hazard in the inhabited area of Vulcano Island, and people were temporarily displaced from Vulcano Porto. The results of this study show that a monitoring system can be used for the early detection of transients in soil CO2 flux (φCO2) in the anomalous degassing zone of Vulcano. Syn-chronous monitoring of φCO2 and outdoor air CO2 concentration has shown variations in volcanic degassing that affect outdoor air CO2 concentration in the populated zone of Faraglione.
    Description: This research was funded by Dipartimento di Protezione Civile—Convenzione DPC-INGV 2019–2021 All.B2, WP Vulcani, Task 16; Scientific Advisor and Project Manager: Sergio Gurrieri.
    Description: Published
    Description: 266
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: soil CO2 flux ; volcano monitoring ; volcanic unrest ; gas hazard ; air CO2 concentration ; volcanic hazard ; geochemistry ; diffuse degassing ; Vulcano ; Aeolian islands ; geochemical monitoring networdk ; indoor CO2
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Monitoring the Microseismicity through a Dense Seismic Array and a Similarity Search Detection Technique: Application to the Seismic Monitoring of Collalto Gas-Storage, North Italy (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Seismic monitoring in areas where induced earthquakes could occur is a challenging topic for seismologists due to the generally very low signal to noise ratio. Therefore, the seismological community is devoting several efforts to the development of high-quality networks around the areas where fluid injection and storage and geothermal activities take place, also following the national induced seismicity monitoring guidelines. The use of advanced data mining strategies, such as template matching filters, auto-similarity search, and deep-learning approaches, has recently further fostered such monitoring, enhancing the seismic catalogs and lowering the magnitude of completeness of these areas. In this framework, we carried out an experiment where a small-aperture seismic array was installed within the dense seismic network used for monitoring the gas reservoir of Collalto, in North Italy. The continuous velocimetric data, acquired for 25 days, were analysed through the application of the optimized auto-similarity search technique FAST. The array was conceived as a cost-effective network, aimed at integrating, right above the gas storage site, the permanent high-resolution Collalto Seismic Network. The analysis allowed to detect micro-events down to magnitude Ml = −0.4 within a distance of ~15 km from the array. Our results confirmed that the system based on the array installation and the FAST data analysis might contribute to lowering the magnitude of completeness around the site of about 0.7 units.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3504
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: induced seismicity monitoring ; seismic arrays ; sensor network technology ; seismic arrays
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Insights into Mechanical Properties of the 1980 Irpinia Fault System from the Analysis of a Seismic Sequence (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Seismic sequences are a powerful tool to locally infer geometrical and mechanical properties of faults and fault systems. In this study, we provided detailed location and characterization of events of the 3–7 July 2020 Irpinia sequence (southern Italy) that occurred at the northern tip of the main segment that ruptured during the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. Using an autocorrelation technique, we detected more than 340 events within the sequence, with local magnitude ranging between −0.5 and 3.0. We thus provided double difference locations, source parameter estimation, and focal mechanisms determination for the largest quality events. We found that the sequence ruptured an asperity with a size of about 800 m, along a fault structure having a strike compatible with the one of the main segments of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, and a dip of 50–55° at depth of 10.5–12 km and 60–65° at shallower depths (7.5–9 km). Low stress drop release (average of 0.64 MPa) indicates a fluid-driven initiation mechanism of the sequence. We also evaluated the performance of the earthquake early warning systems running in real-time during the sequence, retrieving a minimum size for the blind zone in the area of about 15 km.
    Description: Published
    Description: 28
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake seismology ; microseismicity ; seismic techniques ; seismotectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    An Innovative Fiber-Optic Hydrophone for Seismology: Testing Detection Capacity for Very Low-Energy Earthquakes (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: An innovative fiber-optic hydrophone (FOH) was developed and investigated via an experiment at sea; it is capable of operating at a very low frequency of the seismic spectrum and detecting small magnitude earthquakes. The FOH exploits an optical fiber coil wrapped around a sensitive mandrel in a Michelson interferometric configuration. The FOH operated for about seven days at a water depth of 40 m, in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area (Southern Italy), and a few meters from a well-calibrated PZT hydrophone used as a reference. Thirty-three local earthquakes occurred during the simultaneous operation of the two hydrophones, allowing a straightforward comparison of the recordings. The local earthquakes occurred at an epicentral distance less than 2.5 km from the site of recording, and were estimated to be in the range of magnitude from −0.8 to 2.7. The analysis of the recorded earthquake waveforms in the frequency and time domains allowed retrieving the response function of the FOH in the frequency range from 5 to 70 Hz. The FOH responsivity in terms of acoustic pressure reached about 230 nm/Pa and was flat in the studied frequency range. Due to the high quality of the FOH recordings, this equipment is suitable for applications addressing submarine volcanic activity and the background seismicity of active faults in the ocean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3374
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Propagation of Perturbations in the Lower and Upper Atmosphere over the Central Mediterranean, Driven by the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Explosion (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-10
    Description: The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano (Pacific Ocean) generated a cataclysmic explosion on 15 January 2022, triggering several atmospheric disturbances at a global scale, as a huge increase in the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere, and a pressure wave travelling in the troposphere. We collected and analysed data over the Mediterranean to study these disturbances, and in particular, (i) data from the barometric and infrasonic stations installed on Italian active volcanoes by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) for investigating the tropospheric pressure waves; (ii) barometric data from the INGV-TROPOMAG and SIAS (Sicilian Agro-meteorological Information System) networks, for investigating the interaction between the orography and pressure waves; (iii) ionograms from the Advanced Ionospheric Sounder-INGV ionosonde at Gibilmanna (Sicily, Italy); (iv) data from the RING (Rete Italiana Integrata GNSS) network, to retrieve the ionospheric TEC; (v) soil CO2 flux data from the INGV surveillance network of Vulcano Island. The analysis of the ground-level barometric data highlights that pressure waves were reflected and diffracted by the topographic surface, creating a complex space–time dynamic of the atmospheric disturbances travelling over Sicily, driven by the interference among the different wavefronts. The ionograms show that a medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID), with a horizontal wavelength of about 220 km and a period of about 35 min, propagated through the ionospheric plasma in the correspondence of the first barometric variations. Moreover, comparing detrended TEC and barometric data, we further confirmed the presence of the aforementioned MSTID together with its close relation to the tropospheric disturbance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 65
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Estimation of the Uncertainties Introduced in Thermal Map Mosaic: A Case of Study with PIX4D Mapper Software (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The aim of this study is to analyse problems related to thermal mapping obtained from thermal data acquired from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) equipped with thermal cameras. We focused on an accurate analysis of uncertainties introduced by the PIX4D Mapper software version 4.4.12 used to obtain the surface temperature maps of thermal images acquired using the UAS. To achieve this aim, we used artificial thermal references during the surveys, as well as natural hot targets, i.e., thermal anomalies in the Pisciarelli hydrothermal system in Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc). Artificial thermal targets, expressly created and designed for this goal, are a prototype here called “developed thermal target” (DTT) created by the drone laboratory at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia—Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV-OV).We show the results obtained through three surveys, and during the last two, thermal targets were positioned on land at different flight heights of the UAS. Different heights were also necessary to test the spatial resolution of the DTT with the used thermal camera as well as possible temperature differences between the raw images acquired via UAS with the thermal mapping obtained from the PIX4D Mapper software. In this work, we estimate the uncertainty that may be introduced by the mosaic procedure, and furthermore we find an attenuation of the measured temperatures introduced by the different distances between the thermal anomaly and sensor. These results appear to be of great importance for the subsequent calibration phase of the thermal maps, especially in cases where these methodologies are applied for the purposes of monitoring volcanic/geothermal areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4385
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1405
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Coseismic evidence of surface faulting at the Ischia Volcanic Island after the 21 August 2017 Md 4.0 Casamicciola Earthquake (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-17
    Description: We provide a database of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the 21 August 2017 Md 4.0 earthquake that struck the Casamicciola Terme village in the north of Ischia volcanic island (Italy). Despite its small size, the earthquake caused two fatalities and heavy damages in a restricted area of a few square kilometers. The shallow hypocentral depth of the earthquake caused a significant coseismic surface faulting, testified by a main alignment of ruptures mapped for a 2 km end-to-end length along the Casamicciola E-W trending normal fault system, bounding the northern slope of Mt. Epomeo. Casamicciola Terme has been recurrently destroyed in the last centuries by similar volcano-tectonic earthquakes (1762, 1767, 1796, 1828, 1881, and 1883). After the catastrophic 1883 Casamicciola event (2343 casualties), this is the first heavy damaging earthquake at Ischia that provides, for the first time, the opportunity of integrating historical seismicity, macroseismic observations, instrumental information, and detailed mapping of coseismic geological effects. We performed a detailed field surveys in the epicentral region of the 21 August earthquake to describe the ruptures geometry and kinematics of the seismogenetic fault responsible of the earthquake with the aim of contributing to the seismic hazard evaluation and land use planning in the Ischia island, one of the most crowded touristic destinations worldwide. Summarizing our study of ground effects for the 21 August 2017 earthquake is important for improving knowledge on surface earthquake in the volcanic area and contributing to complete the gap of empirical scaling relating to the surface-faulting mechanism due to small-size or moderate earthquakes in volcano-tectonic framework. The collected field observations result in a dataset of 88 georeferenced records describing coseismic ruptures/fractures by features as ID number, time of sample collection, location (latitude, longitude, elevation), type of rupture, type of affected substratum, attitude (dip angle, dip direction, strike), surface offset (opening, throw, strike slip, net slip), kinematics, slip vector attitude, width of the deformation zone.
    Keywords: Casamicciola_Terme_coseismic_ruptures; Casamicciola fault; coseismic rupture; DATE/TIME; Direction; earthquake; ELEVATION; Ischia, Italy; Ischia island; Kinematics; LATITUDE; Length; LONGITUDE; Observation; Opening; ORDINAL NUMBER; Strike; Substrate type; Throw; UTM Easting, Universal Transverse Mercator; UTM Northing, Universal Transverse Mercator; volcano-tectonic
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 775 data points
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