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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Composite Foods Filled with Chocolate (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We compared the moisture sorption isotherms (MSI's) and their temperature dependence of composite foods with those of crust and filling. The MSI were determined on cracker, cookie, chocolate, and two types of composite foods such as CFI (cracker/chocolate/cracker) and CF2 (cookie/chocolate/cookie) at 20,30, and 40°C and 11–85% relative humidity, and fitted into the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation. Chocolate had the lowest monolayer (mo) value, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and sorption energy levels, followed by cookie and cracker. The CFI had higher EMC values and sorption energy than CF2. The GAB mo values and C1 values decreased with temperature, while C2 values increased with temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15887.x
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  • 2
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    Measurement of the associatedγ+μ±production cross section inpp¯collisions ats=1.8TeV (1999)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-06
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inductively coupled plasma heating in a weakly magnetized plasma (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 2926-2935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A one-dimensional analysis of electron heating process in a weakly magnetized, inductively coupled plasma (MICP) is presented. It is found that the main difference in the heating process of a MICP from that of a usual unmagnetized ICP is in that circularly polarized wave modes can exist in the plasma. The right handed circularly polarized wave (R-wave) can propagate into the plasma and its amplitude can be enhanced by cavity resonance effect at an appropriate chamber length and external magnetic field strength. The enhanced R-wave amplitude can raise the heating efficiency significantly. It is also found that a bounce cyclotron-resonance effect can exist, which, however, is not as significant as the cavity resonance effect. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873250
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron temperature control with grid bias in inductively coupled argon plasma (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 1017-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of controlling electron temperature with grid-biased voltage is studied experimentally and the relevant physics is discussed in an inductively coupled Ar discharge. To obtain the electron density and electron temperature, the electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) are measured with a Langmuir probe. As the grid voltage decreases negatively, the effective electron temperature is controlled from 2.0 to 0.6 eV and the electron density changes from 3×1010 to 2×1010 cm−3 in the diffusion region, while the effective electron temperature and electron density are not changed in the source region. The dependence of such various parameters, as electron density, electron temperature, plasma potential in each region, and so on, on the applied voltage, is presented. The functional relations between the measured physical quantities are well explained based on a global particle and energy balance relations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873342
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-energy electron point source microscope with position-sensitive electron energy analyzer (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4304-4307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low-energy electron point source microscope equipped with a position-sensitive energy analyzer is constructed. A nanometer-sized feature can be zoomed in and its energy-loss spectrum can be measured with a retarding field-type energy analyzer mounted in front of the imaging screen. The geometric and the electronic structures of carbon nanotubes are measured with the present system. Interference between the scattered and the transmitted electron beams through the carbon nanotubes is observed using an atomically sharp field emitter. The electron energy-loss spectrum shows two prominent peaks at ∼7 and 16–17 eV, which are identified as the π plasmon and (π+σ) surface-plasmon peaks. This result is consistent with the measurements of high-energy electron energy-loss spectroscopy as well as the theoretical calculation. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150070
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct electronic transport through an ensemble of InAs self-assembled quantum dots (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 714-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electronic transport properties through an ensemble of InAs self-assembled quantum dots are reported. A metal–semiconductor–metal diode with self-assembled quantum dots has been fabricated. Clear staircases are observed in the current–voltage characteristics measured from the diode, and several peak structures are identified in the differential conductance. These conductance peaks are interpreted as due to resonant tunneling through the energy states of the self-assembled quantum dots. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122996
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunnel diodes fabricated from CdSe nanocrystal monolayers (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A parallel approach for fabricating nanocrystal-based semiconductor–insulator–metal tunnel diodes is presented. The devices consisted of a Au electrode, a monolayer of 38 Å CdSe nanocrystals, an insulating bilayer of eicosanoic acid (C19H39CO2H), and an Al electrode. Each device was approximately 100 μm2. Conductance measurements at 77 K reveal strong diode behavior and evidence of Coulomb blockade and staircase structure. A single barrier model was found to reproduce the electronic characteristics of these devices. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123035
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoresistance and planar Hall effects in submicron exchange-coupled NiO/Fe19Ni81 wires (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 4026-4028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization reversal processes of submicron NiO/Fe19Ni81 exchange-coupled Hall cross with a variable width in the range from 0.2 to 0.4 μm were studied by the magnetoresistivity and the planar Hall effect measurements. The magnetization reversal was found to take place via a coherent rotation in the Hall cross, suggesting that the size of the antiferromagnetic domain is regulated by the wire width. The magnitude of the exchange coupling field Hex varied in proportion to the inverse wire width. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123249
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal/fluorinated-dielectric interactions in microelectronic interconnections: Rapid diffusion of fluorine through aluminum (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 1902-1904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rather surprising behavior has been observed when aluminum (Al) is in contact with fluorine-doped silicon dioxide (FSG). With Al deposited onto FSG, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that there is only a very minor reaction at the interface, producing a small amount of AlF3. No fluorine is observed in the bulk of the Al film, but fluorine diffuses readily through the Al even at room temperature and reacts at the free metal surface. On the other hand, with FSG deposited onto Al, the native aluminum oxide provides quite good protection against fluorine diffusion. By contrast, when pure Cu is in contact with FSG, there is almost no interaction or fluorine diffusion. Various approaches to reducing fluorine diffusion into a metal are also discussed, including using a diffusion barrier (TiN, Ta, TaN) or a suitable plasma treatment of the FSG before metal deposition. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124866
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattered and recoiled ion fractions from LiTaO3(100) surfaces with different electrical properties (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 2720-2725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS) was used to investigate the scattered and recoiled ion fractions from 3 keV Ar+ ion beams on LiTaO3(100) single crystals. The TOF-SARS measurements were found to be sensitive to the electrical properties of the crystal. ac impedance measurements of the electrical conductivity showed that LiTaO3 is an insulator at room temperature and that its conductivity increases by ∼103 at temperatures in the range 100–200 °C. This increase in conductivity could be monitored in TOF-SARS by measuring the current through the crystal induced by the impinging Ar+ ions as a function of temperature. The activation energy for this transition was estimated from both the impedance and scattering measurements to be ∼1 eV. Azimuthal anisotropy of the scattered Ar+ ions from Ta atoms was observed at room temperature but not at elevated temperatures. Scattered Ar+ ion fraction measurements showed that scattered Ar+ ions are enhanced by charge buildup on the LiTaO3 surface, whereas recoiled ions are not affected. The effects of surface charging phenomena on TOF-SARS could be eliminated by either heating the LiTaO3 crystal to ∼200 °C or by application of a low energy electron beam to the crystal surface. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479548
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