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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (901)
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  • 1993  (901)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: STEM ; PEELS ; HAADFI ; Nanolithography ; Super-resolution ; STM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The Microstructural Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory is actively involved in a considerable number of research projects which cover a broad range of materials science. In this paper, we describe briefly several such projects, with particular emphasis given to the application of parallel-detection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to the analysis of materials such as stainless steels, catalysts, and high temperature superconductors. In addition, we describe a number of related projects that are currently being carried out in the group, particularly those which utilise and develop novel STEM imaging and analytical techniques. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Caldocellum saccharolyticum ; cellulose ; binding ; β-glucosidase ; hydrolysis ; mole fraction ; synergism ; Thermomonospora fusca ; Trichoderma reesei ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this study, different mole fractions of pure Thermomonospora fusca E5 and E3, plus Trichoderma reesei CBHI were studied for reducing sugar production at 2 h, degree of synergism, and cellulose binding. In addition, the effects of introducing the Caldocellum saccharolyticum β-glucosidase into this cellulase system were investigated. The cellulases used were purified to homogeneity. Avicel PH 102 (4% w/w solution in 0.05 sodium acetate pH 5.5 buffer) was the substrate. Reactions were run at 50°C for 2 h using total cellulase concentrations of 8.3 or 12.2 μM. A bimixture of T. fusca E3 and T. reesei CBHI was very effective in hydrolyzing microcrystalline cellulose (9.1% conversion). The addition of endoglucanase E5 to the mixture only increased conversion to 9.8%. However, when both E5 and β-glucosidase were added, conversion increased to 14%. It was also observed that increasing total cellulase concentration beyond 8.3 μM did little to increase percent conversion of cellulose into glucose. The results of the binding studies indicate no competition for binding sites between the endo- and exocellulases. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the present study, we have sought to determine whether a given signal transduction pathway can have diverse effects on subpopulations of cells of a lineage depending upon the stage of differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we selected the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction pathway because of its recognized importance in mediating the actions of many hormones, e.g., parathyroid hormone which acts on the bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts. Subpopulations of human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells with low (LSaOS) and high (HSaOS) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content were chosen as model systems for preosteoblasts (pre-OB) and osteoblasts (OB), respectively. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) treatment of serum free cultures produced a differential effect on the proliferation of LSaOS cells (40 ± 5% of control at 1 mM DBcAMP, P 〈 0.001) compared with HSaOS cells (no statistically significant effect). The finding supports the hypothesis. Next, we sought evidence for mediation, at least in part, by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II regulatory system. We report that the basal expression of IGF-II, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, and IGFBP-4 was higher in LSaOS cells than in HSaOS cells with the opposite true for type I IGF receptor. DBcAMP treatment of LSaOS cells decreased IGF-II and IGFBP-3 but increased IGFBP-4 and type I IGF receptor; no effect was observed for the type II IGF receptors. DBcAMP treatment of HSaOS cells had no detectable effect on IGF-II; IGFBP-3, or type I and type II IGF receptor expression; only IGFBP-4 expression increased with DBcAMP. These observations suggest that the differential regulation of cell proliferation by the cAMP signal transduction pathway may be mediated, at least in part, by the IGF-II regulatory system. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 36 (1993), S. 1279-1298 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An error estimate for the finite element method is presented in this paper. The error is identified as the response to a set of residual forces, and a complementary analysis provides an upper bound estimate of the global energy of the error. The inequality proposed by Babuška and Miller1 is then employed to bound the error in stress and displacement at a point. The formula is derived for two-dimensional elasticity, but the procedure is general; and can be applied to three-dimensional and other problems. Numerical experiments using the procedure are carried out and the results are given for the four-node bilinear compatible element and plane stress.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 27 (1993), S. 1349-1355 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although there are many studies which document high metal ion concentrations in clinically retrieved tissues surrounding total joint replacements, most investigations have remained cautious in their interpretation due to the artifactual influences of metal particulate.The possible contribution of polyethylene wear debris to artifactually high periprosthetic metal ion concentration readings has not been previously considered. This study documents the potential role of polyethylene particulate contamination in causing artifactually high metal concentration readings in tissues.The data showed metal ion contamination in the polyethylene was progressive at each stage of exposure to metal: from bar stock preparation, to manufacturing, to in vivo ambulation. The manufacturing and machining processes showed a statistically significant (P ≤ .05) increase in metal ion concentrations in the nonarticulated acetabular inserts over bar stock.The results of this study demonstrate that periprosthetic tissue and synovial fluid metal ion concentration data must be interpreted with caution due to possible artifactual problems associated with metal ion contaminated polyethylene particulate. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    BioEssays 15 (1993), S. 695-697 
    ISSN: 0265-9247
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The male gametes of most organisms lack cytoplasm. Consequently, most cytoplasmic genetic elements are maternally inherited: they cannot be transmitted patrilinnearly. The evolutionary interests of cytoplasmic elements therefore lie in transmission through the female. These elements may thus be in evolutionary conflict with nuclear genes which are transmitted by both sexes. This conflict is manifested in observations of cytoplasmically induced biased sex-ratios. Some cytoplasmic genes avoid this fate by biasing the primary sex ratio towards females, or by inducing parthenogenesis. Others kill male hosts, and either achieve transmission via dispersal, or benefit their clonal relatives in the dead male's female siblings. Still others cause the failure of zygotes resulting from pairings between males carrying specific microbes and females lacking them, causing an increase in the microbes through the sterilisation of non-bearing females. Many, but not all, of these ‘ultra-selfish’ microbes are closely related. Investigations of the significance of their phylogenetic affinities, or lack of them, their adaptability in terms of the methods by which they avoid, or ameliorate, the adverse effects of being in male hosts, and their importance as selective agents in the evolution of invertebrate sex determination systems, provide fertile spheres for future research.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 39 (1993), S. 867-875 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous electrochemically modulated complexation (EMC) process was devised to extract and concentrate a class of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. This design is composed of flow-through electrolysis cells for redox modulation and cycling of the complexing agent and hollow-fiber membrane modules for phase contacting. The extent of both extraction and concentration was found to depend mainly on the magnitude of the distribution coefficients for both steps. Experimental results and modeling of this continuous EMC process are reported, as well as potential applications for this process for other separations.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 39 (1993), S. 1164-1177 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The direct oxidation of CH4 to H2 and CO in O2 and in air at high temperatures over alumina foam monoliths coated with high loadings of Pt and Rh has been simulated using a 19-elementary-step model of adsorption, desorption and surface reaction steps with reaction parameters from the literature or from fits to previous experiments. The surface reaction model for Pt is in good agreement with previously reported low-pressure(0.1 to 1 torr) reactor measurements of CH4 oxidation rates at temperatures from 600 to 1,500 K and of OH radical desorption during CH4 oxidation at 1,300 to 1,600 K over polycrystalline Pt foils. The model predictions for both catalysts are also consistent with product selectivities observed over monolithic catalysts in an atmospheric-pressure laboratory-scale reactor, and the differences between Pt and Rh can be explained by comparing individual reaction steps on these surfaces. Because of the good agreement between the model and both low-and atmospheric-pressure reactor simulations, a complete energy diagram for methane oxidation at low coverages is proposed. The model results show that under CH4rich conditions at high temperatures, H2 and CO are primary products of the direct oxidation of methane via a pyrolysis mechanism.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 335 (1993), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New Pyoverdin Siderophores from Pseudomonas putida CFour new pyoverdins (C 2A, C 2B, C 3A, C 3B) were isolated from cultures of Pseudomonas putida C. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The compounds consist of a chromophore - (1S)-5-amino-2,3-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrimido [1,2-a]quinoline-1-carboxylic acid - substituted at the amino group with a dicarboxylic acid or its amide. The carboxyl group of the chromophore is amidically bound to the N-terminus of L-Asp-D-[N5-hydroxy-N5-(D-β-hydroxybutyryl)] Orn-D-Dab-L-Thr-Gly-D-Ser-L-Ser-L-threo-β-hydroxy-Asp-L-Thr. The four pyoverdins differ only in the nature of the dicarboxylic acid (amide), viz. L-malamoyl- (C 2A), succinamoyl- (C 2B), L-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoyl- (C 3A) or 3-carboxypropanoyl (C 3B) residue. The hydroxamate function consists of N5-hydroxy-Orn and β-hydroxybutyric acid, a structural unit which has been encountered for the first time in a pyoverdin.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: shear ; air-lift loop reactor ; growth rate ; cell size ; hybridoma cell ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To study the effects of the growth rate of the hybridoma cell Mn12 on productivity, cell cycle, cell size, and shear sensitivity, six continuous cultures were run at dilution rate of 0.011, 0.021, 0.023, 0.030, 0.042, and 0.058 h-1. This particular hybridoma cell appeared to be unstable in continuous culture with respect to specific productivity, as a sudden drop occurred after about 30 generations in continuous culture, accompanied by the appearance of two populations with respect to the cytoplasmic lgG content. The specific productivity increased with increasing growth rate. The shear sensitivity of the cell, as measured in a small air-lift loop reactor, increased with increasing growth rate. The mean relative cell size, as determined with a flow cytometer, increased with increasing growth rates. Furthermore, the fraction of cells in the S phase increased, and the fraction of cells in the G1/G0 phase decreased with increasing growth rates. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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