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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Controversies in modern geology : evolution of geological theories in sedimentology, earth history and tectonics (1991)
    London [u.a.] : Academic Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: 9/M 96.0416
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xxii, 490 S.
    ISBN: 0125103409
    Classification:
    A.3.1.
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    10 Must Knows from Biodiversity Science 2022 (2022)
    Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-12
    Description: In the 10 Must Knows from Biodiversity Science 45 scientists present facts about biodiversity in a well-founded and generally intelligible way. They analyse the complex systems of the earth by highlighting ten key areas, each of which, in turn, is inextricably linked to all the others. And they show ways to stop the continued loss of species diversity and ecosystems, and to promote biodiversity. The underlying aim is to provide policy-makers and society with scientifically validated assessments of the latest knowledge to facilitate improved policy decisions and action at local, regional, national and global levels, in order to conserve the diversity of life – biodiversity. These are the 10MustKnows 2022: 1. Achieving climate and biodiversity protection together 2. Strengthening planetary health 3. Considering hidden biodiversity 4. Promoting biocultural habitats 5. Using forests sustainably 6. Transforming agriculture 7. Protecting land and resources 8. Expanding transnational infrastructure and education for sustainability 9. Ensuring access and open use of research data 10. Setting biodiversity-friendly incentives
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Research priorities for global food security under extreme events (2022)
    In:  One Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: Extreme events, such as those caused by climate change, economic or geopolitical shocks, and pest or disease epidemics, threaten global food security. The complexity of causation, as well as the myriad ways that an event, or a sequence of events, creates cascading and systemic impacts, poses significant challenges to food systems research and policy alike. To identify priority food security risks and research opportunities, we asked experts from a range of fields and geographies to describe key threats to global food security over the next two decades and to suggest key research questions and gaps on this topic. Here, we present a prioritization of threats to global food security from extreme events, as well as emerging research questions that highlight the conceptual and practical challenges that exist in designing, adopting, and governing resilient food systems. We hope that these findings help in directing research funding and resources toward food system transformations needed to help society tackle major food system risks and food insecurity under extreme events.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    10 Must Knows from Biodiversity Science 2024 (2024)
    Leibniz Research Network Biodiversity
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-12
    Description: "There are no scientifically justified obstacles to protecting biodiversity in all its beauty and diversity. There are only six years left to achieve the biodiversity targets by 2030. We must work together now to get there in time." In the 10 Must Knows from Biodiversity Science 2024, 64 scientists have further developed their well-founded and diverse findings and recommendations from the 10MustKnows22. The content of the ten selected key areas of the Earth-human system is supplemented by relevant publications from 2022 and 2023 and linked to the 23 global goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) adopted in December 2022. The authors are aware that the next six years until 2030 are essential for achieving an ecologically sustainable and socially just life on our planet in the medium and long term. With the 10MustKnows24, they want to actively contribute to accelerating the socio-ecological transformation by providing scientifically sound recommendations for politics and society.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 5
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    Abrupt plate acceleration during rifted margin formation: Cause and effect (2017)
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU2017-8120
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Extension rate is known to control key processes during rifted margin formation such as crust-mantle coupling, decompression melting, magmatism, and serpentinisation. Here we build on recent advances in plate tectonic reconstructions by quantifying the extension velocity history of Earth’s major rifted margins during the last 240 million years. We find that many successful rifts start with a slow phase of extension followed by rapid acceleration that introduces a fast phase. The transition from slow to fast rifting takes place long before crustal break-up: approximately half of the present day rifted margin area was created during the slow, and the other half during the fast rift phase. We reproduce the rapid transition from slow to fast extension using analytical and numerical modelling with constant force boundary conditions. In these models, rift velocities are not imposed but instead evolve naturally in response to the changing strength of the rift. Our results demonstrate that abrupt plate acceleration during continental rifting is controlled by a rift-intrinsic strength-velocity feedback. The abruptness of rift acceleration is thereby governed by the nonlinearity of lithospheric localization. Realistic brittle and power-law rheologies lead to a speed-up duration between two and ten million years. For successful rifts that generate a new ocean basin, the duration of rift speed-up is notably almost independent of the applied extensional force. Instead, the force controls the duration of the slow phase: higher forces shorten the slow phase while lower forces prolong it. If the force is too low, however, delocalisation processes prevent the rift from reaching the point of speed-up and produce a failed rift, even if the extensional system was active for many million years.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 6
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    Strokkur_1y (2020)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-02
    Description: Strokkur_1yr is a one year seismological experiment realized at the most active geyser on Iceland by Eva Eibl (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Thomas R. Walter, Phillippe Jousset, Torsten Dahm, Masoud Allahbakhshi, Daniel Müller from GFZ Potsdam and Gylfi P. Hersir from ISOR Iceland. The geyser is part of the Haukadalur geothermal area in south Iceland, which contains numerous geothermal anomalies, hot springs, and basins (Walter et al., 2018). Strokkur is a pool geyser and has a silica sinter edifice with a water basin on top, which is about 12 m in diameter with a central tube of more than 20 m depth. The aim of the seismic experiment is to monitor eruptions of Strokkur geyser from June 2017 to June 2018 using four broadband seismic stations (Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole 20 s). Sensors were buried 30–40 cm deep in the ground at distances of 38.8 m (G4, SE), 47.3 m (G3, SW), 42.5 m (G2, N), and 95.5 m (G1, NE) from Strokkur center. Data gaps represent 15–44 % of the records as during the winter period maintenance intervals were longer and battery drainage was high. However, at any given time, at least one station recorded the eruptions. From this dataset, converted to MSEED using Pyrocko, a catalogue of 70,000 eruptions was determined and further investigated in Eibl et al. (2020). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 7L.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 7
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    A global census of continental rift activity since 250 Ma reveals a missing element of the deep carbon cycle (2017)
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU2017-8243
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The deep carbon cycle connects CO2 concentrations within the atmosphere to the vast carbon reservoir in Earth’s mantle: subducted lithosphere carries carbon into the mantle, while extensional plate boundaries and arc volcanoes release it back to Earth’s surface. The length of plate boundaries thereby exerts first-order control on global CO2 fluxes on geological time scales. Here we provide a global census of rift length from the Triassic to present day, combining a new plate reconstruction analysis technique with data from the geological rift record.We find that the most extensive rift phase during the fragmentation of Pangea occurred in the Jurassic/Early Cretaceous with extension along the South Atlantic (9700 km) and North Atlantic rifts (9100 km), within East Gondwana (8500 km), the failed African rift systems (4900 km), and between Australia and Antarctica (3700 km). The combined extent of these and other rift systems amounts to more than 50.000 km of simultaneously active continental rifts. During the Late Cretaceous, in the aftermath of this massive rift episode, the global rift length dropped by 60% to 20.000 km. We further show that a second pronounced rift episode starts in the Eocene with global rift lengths of up to 30.000 km. It is well-accepted that volcanoes at plate boundaries release large amounts of CO2 from the Earth’s interior. Recent work, however, highlights the importance of deep-cutting faults and diffuse degassing on CO2 emissions in the East African Rift, which appear to be comparable to CO2 release rates at mid-ocean ridges worldwide. Upscaling measured CO2 fluxes from East Africa to all concurrently active global rift zones with due caution, we compute the first-order history of cumulative rift-related CO2 degassing rates for the last 250 Myr. We demonstrate that rift-related CO2 release in the Early Cretaceous may have reached 400% of present-day rates. In first-order agreement with paleo-atmospheric CO2 concentrations from proxy indicators, our degassing rates correlate with the two distinct periods of elevated atmospheric CO2 in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Compiling the length of other plate boundaries through time (mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, continental arcs), we do not find such a correlation with the paleo-CO2 record, which leads us to suggest that rift-related degassing constitutes an important element of the deep carbon cycle.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 8
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    Distribution, structural and hydrological control of the hot springs and geysers of El Tatio, Chile, revealed by optical and thermal infrared drone surveying (2022)
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-14
    Description: Boiling mud ponds, hot springs, and geysers are the scenic surface expression of rising thermal fluids, often emerging in clusters. The details on the spatial appearance and structural control of such geothermal objects as well as on the variability of their locations are rarely investigated, however. Here we use Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to acquire close-range optical and thermal infrared data over the El Tatio geothermal field (Chile), one of the largest geyser fields in the world. From high-resolution aerial images, processed using the Structure from Motion (SfM) method, we compute spatial image data at 1.5 to 14.5 cm resolution for a ∼ 2 km2 area. We identify 1863 objects related to geothermal activity, providing an unprecedented catalog of the geothermal area. Out of these, 148 were classified as topography objects (e.g. cone geysers), 415 showed signs of fluid discharge, and 1091 were characterized by a thermal signature exceeding background temperatures. The geothermal objects were further analyzed regarding their spatial distribution and clustering, suggesting a high degree of organization in 5 main groups on a broader scale, and clustering in specific vent arrangements resembling two main orientations on a smaller scale. The 5 zones show significant differences considering their orientation, types of geothermal objects located within, but also their eruptive characteristics, and thermal energy release. We discuss these, considering the structural setup and hydrological setting of the El Tatio geothermal field. Over 90% of the mapped geothermal objects are located within a 100 m distance to an estimated trend line oriented NE-SW. We thus hypothesize a possible structural arrangement controlling the location and activity of geothermal objects at El Tatio with important implications for other geothermal areas worldwide.
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Effect of Using Different Chemical Dispersing Agents in Grain Size Analyses of Fluvial Sediments via Laser Diffraction Spectrometry (2021)
    In:  Methods and Protocols
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-17
    Description: Laser diffraction spectrometry allows for efficiently obtaining high-resolution grain size data. However, pretreatment and dispersion of aggregates in sediment samples are essential pre-requisites for acquiring accurate results using this method. This study evaluates the effectiveness of five dispersing agents in deflocculating the investigated fluvial sediments and the resulting grain size distribution obtained by laser diffraction spectrometry. We also examine the ability of the different dispersing agents to deflocculate sediment samples treated by thermal combustion. Distilled water presented a low efficiency in deflocculating the samples and yielded a near-zero clay content for samples with an expected clay content. The other chemical dispersants were effective in dispersing aggregates and yielding clay, albeit with different efficiencies. Calgon had the highest dispersing ability, followed closely by sodium tripolyphosphate. The performance of chemical treatment with sodium oxalate approaches that of sodium tripolyphosphate. However, it leads to the formation of precipitates in the samples, obscuring the actual grain size data. Sodium pyrophosphate derived the least amount of deflocculation among the four chemical dispersants. Furthermore, all the chemical dispersants were found to be ineffective in dispersing aggregates in samples treated by thermal combustion.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    Varve thickness of lateglacial ICDP core 5017-1-A-44 (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: This dataset provides annually resolved microfacies data from ICDP core 5017-1-A, retrieved from the deep northern Dead Sea basin in 2010/11, for the last glacial-interglacial transition (ca. 14-13 ka BP). Sediments of the Lisan Formation were investigated between ~94.7 and 91.8 m sediment depth below lake floor (lithozone C2) by continuous thin section microscopy. Thin sections were prepared following the standard procedure by Brauer and Casanova (2001) that was adjusted for salty sediments. Thin section analyses were performed on overlapping large-scale thin sections using a Zeiss Axiolab pol microscope at magnifications of 50-400x. Microfacies analyses included varve counting and measurements of varve and sublayer thickness. The amount of varves in erosional gaps was interpolated and the position of mass flow deposits (MFD) is marked.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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