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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1544-1549 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An imaging diagnostic for the observation of plasma density fluctuations is presented. It is based on the phase contrast method, and is used on the TCA tokamak to investigate fluctuations associated with plasma turbulence and driven waves in radio frequency heating experiments. The diagnostic uses a 23-cm-wide CO2 laser beam transmitted through the plasma, and produces an image of the plasma where the small phase shifts (||φ||∼10−5 to 10−3) due to refractive perturbations are revealed as corresponding intensity variations. A wide range of fluctuation wavelengths between 0.2 and about 20 cm is accessible to observation, with a sensitivity better than 10−5 rad for a 1-MHz bandwidth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4552-4556 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and first results are presented from a bolometric diagnostic with high temporal resolution recently installed on the TCV tokamak. The system consists of two pinhole cameras viewing the plasma from above and below at the same toroidal location. Each camera is equipped with an AXUV-16ELO linear array of 16 p–n junction photodiodes, characterized by a flat spectral sensitivity from ultraviolet to x-ray energies, a high temporal response (〈0.5 μs), and insensitivity to low-energy neutral particles emitted by the plasma. This high temporal resolution allows the study of transient phenomena such as fast magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity hitherto inaccessible with standard bolometry. In the case of purely electromagnetic radiation, good agreement has been found when comparing results from the new diagnostic with those from a standard metal foil bolometer system. This comparison has also revealed that the contribution of neutrals to the foil bolometer measurements can be extremely important under certain operating conditions, precluding the application of tomographic techniques for reconstruction of the radiation distribution. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV), the central electron temperature obtained in discharges with counter (CNTR) electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) is larger than with CO-ECCD or electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) alone. Comparison of experimental results with calculations by the transport code PRETOR [IAEA Technical Conference on Advances in Simulation and Models of Thermonuclear Plasmas. Montreal 142 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 1992)] indicates that sawtooth stabilization is responsible for the increased confinement time and the attendant twofold enhancement of the central temperature. Sawtooth stabilization is caused in turn by the central safety factor q0 rising above 1 for CNTR-ECCD; by contrast, the simulation results show that q0〈1 in the sawtoothing CO-ECCD and ECRH cases. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fully noninductive, steady-state electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been demonstrated for the first time in experiments carried out in the tokamak à configuration variable (TCV) [O. Sauter et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3322 (2000)]. By appropriately distributing six 0.45 MW ECCD sources over the discharge cross section, fully noninductive, stable, and stationary plasmas with Ip up to 210 kA were obtained for the full discharge duration of 1.9 s, corresponding to more than 900 energy confinement times and more than 10 current redistribution times at an average current drive efficiency η20CD=0.01[1020 A W−1 m−2]. These experiments have also demonstrated for the first time the steady recharging of the ohmic transformer using ECCD only. The effect of localized off-axis electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and EC current drive (ECCD) (co- and counter-) is investigated showing that locally driven currents amounting to only 1% of Ip significantly alter sawtooth periods and crash amplitudes. An improved quasi-stationary core confinement regime, with little or no sawtooth activity, has been obtained by a combination of off-axis ECH and on-axis CNTR–ECCD. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A large variety of shaped tokamak discharges have been created in the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) with main parameters BT〈1.5 T, R0=0.88 m, a〈0.25 m, Ip≤1 MA [F. Hofmann, J. B. Lister, M. Anton et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 36, B277 (1994)]. They include limited and diverted discharges with elongations up to 2.58 and triangularities between −0.7 and 1. Over the entire range of quasi-stationary sawtoothing Ohmic discharges investigated it is observed that the widths of plasma pressure profiles, 〈p〉/p(0) and the inversion radii scale as the widths of the current profiles, 〈j〉/j(0), where 〈 〉 refers to an average over the volume or, practically equivalently, the cross-sectional plasma area. These "profile consistency" features are in apparent agreement with theoretical considerations and can be viewed as an extension of previous studies in circular discharges. The observations identify the parameter 〈j〉/q0j(0) as the appropriate replacement for qa as a scaling parameter for arbitrary cross-sectional shapes. Using a simple current profile model with 0.8≤q0≤1 for the axial safety factor, it is shown that, for sawtoothing Ohmic discharges, such observations can be accounted for by the effects of sawtooth activity. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 3762-3769 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method of obtaining a relative calibration of Si photodiodes for the spectral range of soft x rays (1–30 keV) is presented. A simple mathematical model of the p-n diode is adopted which allows the response to be described in terms of a small set of parameters. The diffusion length as well as the thickness of a dead layer below the front surface of the diodes are obtained from measurements of angular dependences of the photoinduced current. It is shown that a precise characterization of the diode response and an accurate relative calibration can be obtained using this method. However, it was found that the presence of a dead layer a few tenths of a micrometer thick can pose severe restrictions on the use of planar diode arrays in x-ray tomography systems where uniformity of response is crucial. The method has been applied to the diode arrays equipping the x-ray tomography system built for the TCV tokamak, a magnetic fusion research device. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 1531-1538 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In the vast majority of plasmas produced in the JET tokamak the x-ray emission at energies above about 1 keV is dominated by bremsstrahlung radiation from the background deuterium ions, and both bremsstrahlung and recombination radiation from one or two light impurity species such as beryllium and carbon. Under these circumstances local values of impurity densities and concentrations, or alternatively of the effective charge Zeff of the ion mixture, are derived from tomographic measurements of the local x-ray emissivity at energies above 1–3 keV, in conjunction with measurements of electron density and temperature profiles. These calculations are performed using the intrinsic emissivities due to the impurity ions. The emissivities into the relevant energy bands, determined by the detector and filter characteristics, were calculated assuming coronal ionization equilibrium, and tabulated as a function of electron temperature. This method offers a good spatial and temporal resolution, and is successfully applied to most plasma conditions where the relative proportions of impurities are known. We also present a detailed sensitivity study to assess the effects of errors in the input data, and a comparison with established methods based on visible bremsstrahlung measurements, and charge exchange spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recent developments and results of the JET CXRS diagnostic are reported. The measurements of radial profiles of ion temperatures and densities are based on CXR spectra of fully stripped ions of either carbon or beryllium. Considerable effort has been expended in ensuring consistency between radial profiles of low Z impurity densities and those from other diagnostics. The contributions of the main light impurities are used to reconstruct radial profiles of Zeffwhich can be compared with Abel-inverted signals from visible bremsstrahlung or soft x-ray emission. Active Balmer-Alpha spectroscopy (ABAS) is being introduced as a diagnostic tool providing data on local magnetic fields, neutral beam densities, and dilution factors. The effects of collision-energy-dependent CXR cross sections on observed CXR spectra are calculated. Corrections for the values of deduced ion temperatures, toroidal velocities, and impurity densities are discussed for the case of plasmas with high ion temperatures and high toroidal rotation velocities. Some recent results of the JET 1989 operation illustrating the CXRS diagnostic potential are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 3479-3486 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recent developments and results of the JET CXRS diagnostic are reported. The measurements of radial profiles of ion temperatures and densities are based on CXR spectra of fully stripped ions of either carbon or beryllium. Considerable effort has been expended in ensuring consistency between radial profiles of low Z impurity densities and those from other diagnostics. The contributions of the main light impurities are used to reconstruct radial profiles of Zeff which can be compared with Abel-inverted signals from visible bremsstrahlung or soft x-ray emission. Active Balmer-Alpha spectroscopy (ABAS) is being introduced as a diagnostic tool providing data on local magnetic fields, neutral beam densities, and dilution factors. The effects of collision-energy-dependent CXR cross sections on observed CXR spectra are calculated. Corrections for the values of deduced ion temperatures, toroidal velocities, and impurity densities are discussed for the case of plasmas with high ion temperatures and high toroidal rotation velocities. Some recent results of the JET 1989 operation illustrating the CXRS diagnostic potential are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Infrared Physics 25 (1985), S. 543-549 
    ISSN: 0020-0891
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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