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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of Salinity in Ground Water from Jericho Area, Jordan Valley (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 39 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: One of the major problems in the lower Jordan Valley is the increasing salinization (i.e., chloride content) of local ground water. The high levels of salinity limit the utilization of ground water for both domestic and agriculture applications. This joint collaborative study evaluates the sources and mechanisms for salinization in the Jericho area. We employ diagnostic geochemical fingerprinting methods to trace the potential sources of the salinity in (1) the deep confined subaquifer system (K2) of Lower Cenomanian age; (2) the upper subaquifer system (K1) of Upper Cenomanian and Turanian ages; and (3) the shallow aquifer system (Q) of Plio-Pleistocene ages.The chemical composition of the saline ground water from the two Cenomanian subaquifers (K1 and K2) point to a single saline source with Na/CI ∼0.5 and Br/CI∼7 × 10−3. This composition is similar to that of thermal hypersaline springs that are found along the western shore of the Dead Sea (e.g., En Gedi thermal spring). We suggest that the increasing salinity in both K1 and K2 subaquifers is derived from mixing with deep-seated brines that flow through the Rift fault system. The salinization rate depends on the discharge volume of the fresh meteoric water in the Cenomanian Aquifer. In contrast, the chemical composition of ground water from the Plio-Pleistocene Aquifer shows a wide range of CI (100–2000 mg/L), Na/CI (0.4–1.0), Br/Cl (2–6 ×10−3), and SO4/CI (0.01–0.4) ratios. These variations, together with the high SO42-, K+, and NO3− concentrations, suggest that the salinity in the shallow aquifer is derived from the combination of (1) upconing of deep brines as reflected by low Na/Cl and high Br/Cl ratios; (2) leaching of salts from the Lisan Formation within the Plio-Pleistocene Aquifer, as suggested by the high SO42 concentrations; and (3) anthropogenic contamination of agriculture return flow and sewage effluents with distinctive high K+ (80 mg/L) and NO3−(80 mg/1) contents and low Br/Cl ratios (2 ×10−3). Our data demonstrates that the chemical composition of salinized ground water can be used to delineate the sources of salinity and hence to establish the conceptual model for explaining salinization processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02305.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloride/Bromide and Chloride/Fluoride Ratios of Domestic Sewage Effluents and Associated Contaminated Ground Water (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 36 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: To establish geochemical tools for tracing the origin of ground water contamination, we examined the variations of Cl/Br and Cl/F (weight) ratios in (1) domestic waste water from the Dan Region Sewage Reclamation Project and from reservoirs in the central coast of Israel; (2) associated contaminated ground water; and (3) pristine ground water from the Mediterranean coastal aquifer of Israel. Our data show that supply water, anthropogenic NaCl and fluoridation control the Cl/Br (410 to 873) and Cl/F (468 to 1070) ratios of domestic waste water, and conventional sewage treatment does not affect the anthropogenic inorganic signals. The Cl/Br ratios of ground water contaminated with sewage effluent reflect conservative mixing proportions of sewage and regional ground water components. Sensitivity tests demonstrate that it is possible to detect and distinguish sewage contamination from marine ratios after a sewage contribution of 5 to 15% is mixed with regional ground water. Mixing with Br-enriched fresh water (e.g., Sea of Galilee; Cl/Br=145), however, would reduce this sensitivity. Since the high Cl/Br signal of sewage effluents is distinguishable from other anthropogenic sources with low Cl/Br ratios (e.g., street runoff, agriculture return flows) and from natural contamination sources (e.g., salt water intrusion; Cl/Br=293), Cl/Br ratios can therefore be a useful inorganic tracer for identification of the origin of contaminated ground water. The Cl/F ratios of sewage-contaminated ground water (284 to 5186) were higher than those in the original sewage effluent, which suggests retention of fluoride into the aquifer solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02200.x
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  • 3
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    (Table 1) Chemical and isotope compositions of interstitial water in sediments from Mediterranean basin at DSDP Site 42-374
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Keywords: 42-374; Boron; Bromide; Chloride; Deep Sea Drilling Project; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Glomar Challenger; Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Iodometric chemical method; Leg42; Lithium; Mediterranean Sea/BASIN; Negative-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (N-TIMS); Sample code/label; δ11B
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 78 data points
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  • 4
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    (Table 1) Chemical and isotope compositions of interstitial water in sediments from Mediterranean basin at DSDP Site 42-372
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Keywords: 42-372; Boron; Bromide; Chloride; Deep Sea Drilling Project; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Glomar Challenger; Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Iodometric chemical method; Leg42; Lithium; Mediterranean Sea/BASIN; Negative-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (N-TIMS); Sample code/label; δ11B
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 49 data points
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  • 5
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    Chemical and isotope compositions of interstitial water in sediments from Mediterranean basin at DSDP Sites 42-372 and 42-374
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Vengosh, Avner; Gieskes, Joris M; Mahn, Chris L (2000): New evidence for the origin of hypersaline pore fluids in the Mediterranean basin. Chemical Geology, 163(1), 287-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00131-X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: The Br/Cl, Li/Cl and B/Cl ratios and boron isotope compositions of hypersaline pore fluids from DSDP Sites 372 and 374 were measured in an attempt to evaluate the origin of the brines. In Site 374 the relationships between the Cl concentrations (up to 5000 mM) and Br/Cl (~0.012), Na/Cl (as low as 0.1), B/Cl (0.0025), and d11B values (43-55 per mil ) of the deep pore water between 380 and 405 mbsf, located within the Messinian sediments, reflect remnants of ~65-fold evaporated sea water. The original evaporated sea water was modified by: (1) dilution with overlying or less saline water by about 30%; and (2) slight dissolution of NaCl evaporites. The variations in d11B show a continuous increase in d11B values with depth in Site 374, up to 66.7 per mil at a depth of 300 mbsf (Upper Pliocene marl sediments). The conspicuous 11B enrichment trend is consistent with elemental boron depletion, which was calculated from the expected boron concentrations of evaporated sea water with corresponding Br/Cl and Na/Cl ratios. Li/Cl variations also show a depletion of Li relative to evaporated sea water. The apparent depletions of B and Li, as well as the 11B enrichment, reflect uptake of these elements by clay minerals at low water/sediment ratios.
    Keywords: 42-372; 42-374; Deep Sea Drilling Project; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP; Glomar Challenger; Leg42; Mediterranean Sea/BASIN
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 6
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    Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of American 112 (2015): 13184-13189, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1511474112 .
    Description: Hundreds of organic chemicals are utilized during natural gas extraction via high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF). However, it is unclear if these chemicals, injected into deep shale horizons, reach shallow groundwater aquifers and impact local water quality, either from deep underground injection sites or from the surface or shallow subsurface. Here, we report detectable levels of organic compounds in shallow groundwater samples from private residential wells overlying the Marcellus Shale in northeastern Pennsylvania. Analyses of purgeable and extractable organic compounds from 64 groundwater samples revealed trace levels of volatile organic compounds, well below the Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant levels, and low levels of both gasoline range (GRO; 0-8 ppb) and diesel range organic compounds (DRO; 0-157 ppb). A compound-specific analysis revealed the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, which is a disclosed HVHF additive, that was notably absent in a representative geogenic water sample and field blanks. Pairing these analyses with 1) inorganic chemical fingerprinting of deep saline groundwater, 2) characteristic noble gas isotopes, and 3) spatial relationships between active shale gas extraction wells and wells with disclosed environmental health and safety (EHS) violations, we differentiate between a chemical signature associated with naturally occurring saline groundwater and a one associated with alternative anthropogenic routes from the surface (e.g., accidental spills or leaks). The data support a transport mechanism of DRO to groundwater via accidental release of fracturing fluid chemicals derived from the surface rather than subsurface flow of these fluids from the underlying shale formation.
    Description: The authors thank Duke University’s Pratt School of Engineering and the National Science Foundation’s CBET Grant Number 1336702 and NSF EAGER (EAR-1249255) for financial support.
    Description: 2016-04-12
    Keywords: Hydrophobic organic compounds ; Groundwater ; High volume hydraulic fracturing ; Natural gas extraction ; Transport mechanisms
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/msword
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  • 7
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    Occurrence and sources of radium in groundwater associated with oil fields in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California (2019)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Chemical Society, 2019. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Science and Technology 53(16), (2019): 9398-9406, doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b02395.
    Description: Geochemical data from 40 water wells were used to examine the occurrence and sources of radium (Ra) in groundwater associated with three oil fields in California (Fruitvale, Lost Hills, South Belridge). 226Ra+228Ra activities (range = 0.010–0.51 Bq/L) exceeded the 0.185 Bq/L drinking-water standard in 18% of the wells (not drinking-water wells). Radium activities were correlated with TDS concentrations (p 〈 0.001, ρ = 0.90, range = 145–15,900 mg/L), Mn + Fe concentrations (p 〈 0.001, ρ = 0.82, range = 〈0.005–18.5 mg/L), and pH (p 〈 0.001, ρ = −0.67, range = 6.2–9.2), indicating Ra in groundwater was influenced by salinity, redox, and pH. Ra-rich groundwater was mixed with up to 45% oil-field water at some locations, primarily infiltrating through unlined disposal ponds, based on Cl, Li, noble-gas, and other data. Yet 228Ra/226Ra ratios in pond-impacted groundwater (median = 3.1) differed from those in oil-field water (median = 0.51). PHREEQC mixing calculations and spatial geochemical variations suggest that the Ra in the oil-field water was removed by coprecipitation with secondary barite and adsorption on Mn–Fe precipitates in the near-pond environment. The saline, organic-rich oil-field water subsequently mobilized Ra from downgradient aquifer sediments via Ra-desorption and Mn/Fe-reduction processes. This study demonstrates that infiltration of oil-field water may leach Ra into groundwater by changing salinity and redox conditions in the subsurface rather than by mixing with a high-Ra source.
    Description: This article was improved by the reviews of John Izbicki and anonymous reviewers for the journal. This work was funded by the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Regional Groundwater Monitoring in Areas of Oil and Gas Production Program and the USGS Cooperative Water Program. A.V., A.J.K., and Z.W were supported by USDA-NIFA grant (#2017-68007-26308). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for description purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-11
    Description: Synthesizing published data, we provide a quantitative summary of the global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium (V), including both human-derived and natural fluxes. Through mining of V ores (130 × 109 g V/y) and extraction and combustion of fossil fuels (600 × 109 g V/y), humans are the predominant force in the geochemical cycle of V at Earth’s surface. Human emissions of V to the atmosphere are now likely to exceed background emissions by as much as a factor of 1.7, and, presumably, we have altered the deposition of V from the atmosphere by a similar amount. Excessive V in air and water has potential, but poorly documented, consequences for human health. Much of the atmospheric flux probably derives from emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, but the magnitude of this flux depends on the type of fuel, with relatively low emissions from coal and higher contributions from heavy crude oils, tar sands bitumen, and petroleum coke. Increasing interest in petroleum derived from unconventional deposits is likely to lead to greater emissions of V to the atmosphere in the near future. Our analysis further suggests that the flux of V in rivers has been incremented by about 15% from human activities. Overall, the budget of dissolved V in the oceans is remarkably well balanced—with about 40 × 109 g V/y to 50 × 109 g V/y inputs and outputs, and a mean residence time for dissolved V in seawater of about 130,000 y with respect to inputs from rivers.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Reply to Selin: Human impacts on the atmospheric burden of trace metals (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Noble gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-15
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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