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  • 1
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    Combined effect of rapid nitriding and plastic deformation on the surface strength, toughness and wear resistance of steel 38CrMoAlA (2015)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The combined treatment of pressurized gas nitriding and cold rolling is proposed as a new approach to rapid preparation of a strong and tough nitrided layer for steel 38CrMoAlA. The microstructural characteristics and properties of the modified surface layer in comparison with those of the conventionally gas nitrided sample have systematically been evaluated. The results show that the hardness and toughness of the nitrided surface layer can be significantly improved by the combined treatment. Especially, the wear resistance of nitrided surface layer under heavy loads was greatly enhanced. It can provide a new approach to rapidly preparing a nitrided layer with high strength and toughness.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 2
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    The influence of historic land-use changes on hillslope erosion and sediment redistribution (2016)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Agricultural societies around the world have dramatically altered the natural landscape, particularly through accelerated soil erosion. The expansion of agricultural land use into steeper headwater areas during the Medieval period in central Europe is known to have caused large increases in soil erosion and sediment redistribution downstream. Although land-use practices changed and improved following this initial impact, it is currently unknown whether changes in land-use techniques also improved hillslope soil erosion and sediment redistribution rates. In this paper, we use a variety of techniques, including chrono-stratigraphy, wood charcoal analysis and a geostatistical model, to reconstruct land-use and erosion rates for the period spanning the Medieval Period to the present (1100–300 years ago) in a small headwater catchment in central Europe. Coupling land-use, hillslope erosion and sediment redistribution fluxes, we find the largest flux change occurs because of the initial deforestation at the beginning of the Medieval Period (1100 years ago). Following deforestation, we identified three main types of land-use techniques that were practised between ~1100 and 300 years ago: Horticulture, cropping agriculture and rotational birch silviculture, the last of which represents the earliest evidence for this practice found in central Europe to date. However, we find only small differences in hillslope fluxes throughout the catchment despite the variable land-use techniques employed. This is because the land-use techniques primarily influenced and increased the hillslope sediment storage capacity rather than erosion rates directly, which is an important distinction to consider for future work attempting to link changes in human land use and hillslope erosion.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 3
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    Expression Atlas update--an integrated database of gene and protein expression in humans, animals and plants (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Expression Atlas ( http://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa ) provides information about gene and protein expression in animal and plant samples of different cell types, organism parts, developmental stages, diseases and other conditions. It consists of selected microarray and RNA-sequencing studies from ArrayExpress, which have been manually curated, annotated with ontology terms, checked for high quality and processed using standardised analysis methods. Since the last update, Atlas has grown seven-fold (1572 studies as of August 2015), and incorporates baseline expression profiles of tissues from Human Protein Atlas, GTEx and FANTOM5, and of cancer cell lines from ENCODE, CCLE and Genentech projects. Plant studies constitute a quarter of Atlas data. For genes of interest, the user can view baseline expression in tissues, and differential expression for biologically meaningful pairwise comparisons—estimated using consistent methodology across all of Atlas. Our first proteomics study in human tissues is now displayed alongside transcriptomics data in the same tissues. Novel analyses and visualisations include: ‘enrichment’ in each differential comparison of GO terms, Reactome, Plant Reactome pathways and InterPro domains; hierarchical clustering (by baseline expression) of most variable genes and experimental conditions; and, for a given gene-condition, distribution of baseline expression across biological replicates.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Iridium-based double perovskites for efficient water oxidation in acid media (2016)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: Article Iridium oxide is an active and stable catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction, however Ir is very rare, making it unsuitable for large-scale application. Here the authors develop a class of Ir double perovskites containing less Ir than iridium oxide, but exhibiting 3-fold higher activity in acidic media. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12363 Authors: Oscar Diaz-Morales, Stefan Raaijman, Ruud Kortlever, Patricia J. Kooyman, Tim Wezendonk, Jorge Gascon, W. T. Fu, Marc T. M. Koper
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate into monohydrocalcite in aqueous solution: a biomimetic mineralization study (2015)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: Monohydrocalcite (MHC, CaCO 3 ·H 2 O) is a thermodynamically metastable phase relative to calcite and aragonite in aqueous solution. Although MHC occurs broadly in organisms, little information about its biogenic origin is available. In this paper, a series of amorphous calcium carbonates (ACCs) with different Mg 2+ contents were first synthesized in the presence of polyaspartic acid (PASP), and the phase transformations of the PASP-regulated Mg-ACCs (PASP-Mg-ACCs) were then studied under different medium conditions. The structure, morphology and composition of the precursor PASP-Mg-ACCs and transformation products were investigated by using a wide range of techniques, including XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, TG-DTA, 13 C NMR and ICP-AES. Our results show that PASP-Mg-ACC with 24.71 mol% Mg 2+ can be transformed into MHC, without formation of hydromagnesite or other hydrated magnesium carbonates, whereas the PASP-Mg-ACCs with 〈24 mol% Mg 2+ resulted in magnesian calcite and aragonite. Time-course transition experiments unveiled that the transformation from PASP-Mg-ACCs to crystalline phases proceeds through the dissolution of the initial precursor PASP-Mg-ACCs and the subsequent crystallization of the secondary mineral phases. The formation of different secondary minerals depends not only on the Mg 2+ but also on the PASP content in precursor PASP-Mg-ACCs. Because of the exclusive formation of MHC from PASP-Mg-ACC under current biomimetic conditions, biomacromolecule-regulated Mg-ACC may act as the transient precursor and be responsible for the biogenesis of MHC. The current results contribute to the elucidation of the biogenic origin and role of MHC in nature.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 6
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    CFHTLenS: a Gaussian likelihood is a sufficient approximation for a cosmological analysis of third-order cosmic shear statistics (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-26
    Description: We study the correlations of the shear signal between triplets of sources in the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS) to probe cosmological parameters via the matter bispectrum. In contrast to previous studies, we adopt a non-Gaussian model of the data likelihood which is supported by our simulations of the survey. We find that for state-of-the-art surveys, similar to CFHTLenS, a Gaussian likelihood analysis is a reasonable approximation, albeit small differences in the parameter constraints are already visible. For future surveys we expect that a Gaussian model becomes inaccurate. Our algorithm for a refined non-Gaussian analysis and data compression is then of great utility especially because it is not much more elaborate if simulated data are available. Applying this algorithm to the third-order correlations of shear alone in a blind analysis, we find a good agreement with the standard cosmological model: $\Sigma _8=\sigma _8(\Omega _{\rm m}/0.27)^{0.64}=0.79^{+0.08}_{-0.11}$ for a flat cold dark matter cosmology with h  = 0.7 ± 0.04 (68 per cent credible interval). Nevertheless our models provide only moderately good fits as indicated by 2 /dof = 2.9, including a 20 per cent rms uncertainty in the predicted signal amplitude. The models cannot explain a signal drop on scales around 15 arcmin, which may be caused by systematics. It is unclear whether the discrepancy can be fully explained by residual point spread function systematics of which we find evidence at least on scales of a few arcmin. Therefore we need a better understanding of higher order correlations of cosmic shear and their systematics to confidently apply them as cosmological probes.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Role of ZIP10 in humoral immunity [Immunology and Inflammation] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-13
    Description: The humoral immune response, also called the antibody-mediated immune response, is one of the main adaptive immune systems. The essential micronutrient zinc (Zn) is known to modulate adaptive immune responses, and dysregulated Zn homeostasis leads to immunodeficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this Zn-mediated modulation are largely unknown. Here, we...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Illegal mining could revive Xinjiang's coalfield fires (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhong, Maohua -- Fu, Tairan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):16. doi: 10.1038/451016b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Toll-like receptor 8-mediated reversal of CD4+ regulatory T cell function (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-27
    Description: CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells have a profound ability to suppress host immune responses, yet little is understood about how these cells are regulated. We describe a mechanism linking Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 signaling to the control of Treg cell function, in which synthetic and natural ligands for human TLR8 can reverse Treg cell function. This effect was independent of dendritic cells but required functional TLR8-MyD88-IRAK4 signaling in Treg cells. Adoptive transfer of TLR8 ligand-stimulated Treg cells into tumor-bearing mice enhanced anti-tumor immunity. These results suggest that TLR8 signaling could play a critical role in controlling immune responses to cancer and other diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peng, Guangyong -- Guo, Zhong -- Kiniwa, Yukiko -- Voo, Kui Shin -- Peng, Weiyi -- Fu, Tihui -- Wang, Daniel Y -- Li, Yanchun -- Wang, Helen Y -- Wang, Rong-Fu -- P01CA94237/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA093459/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA58204/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA101795/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA90327/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 26;309(5739):1380-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Antigens, Differentiation/genetics/physiology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology/pathology ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics/physiology ; Poly G/immunology ; RNA Interference ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Immunologic/genetics/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 8 ; Toll-Like Receptors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Transcriptional regulation of autophagy by an FXR-CREB axis (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components by autophagy is essential for cellular survival and homeostasis under nutrient-deprived conditions. Acute regulation of autophagy by nutrient-sensing kinases is well defined, but longer-term transcriptional regulation is relatively unknown. Here we show that the fed-state sensing nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the fasting transcriptional activator cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) coordinately regulate the hepatic autophagy gene network. Pharmacological activation of FXR repressed many autophagy genes and inhibited autophagy even in fasted mice, and feeding-mediated inhibition of macroautophagy was attenuated in FXR-knockout mice. From mouse liver chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing data, FXR and CREB binding peaks were detected at 178 and 112 genes, respectively, out of 230 autophagy-related genes, and 78 genes showed shared binding, mostly in their promoter regions. CREB promoted autophagic degradation of lipids, or lipophagy, under nutrient-deprived conditions, and FXR inhibited this response. Mechanistically, CREB upregulated autophagy genes, including Atg7, Ulk1 and Tfeb, by recruiting the coactivator CRTC2. After feeding or pharmacological activation, FXR trans-repressed these genes by disrupting the functional CREB-CRTC2 complex. This study identifies the new FXR-CREB axis as a key physiological switch regulating autophagy, resulting in sustained nutrient regulation of autophagy during feeding/fasting cycles.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257899/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257899/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seok, Sunmi -- Fu, Ting -- Choi, Sung-E -- Li, Yang -- Zhu, Rong -- Kumar, Subodh -- Sun, Xiaoxiao -- Yoon, Gyesoon -- Kang, Yup -- Zhong, Wenxuan -- Ma, Jian -- Kemper, Byron -- Kemper, Jongsook Kim -- DK62777/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK95842/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK062777/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK095842/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 4;516(7529):108-11. doi: 10.1038/nature13949. Epub 2014 Nov 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Institute for Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-749, Korea. ; Department of Bioengineering and the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. ; Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Gerogia 30602, USA. ; Institute for Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-749, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25383523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/*metabolism ; Fasting/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Isoxazoles/pharmacology ; Liver/cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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