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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An eastward flow at lower middle latitudes derived from a three-layer model of a wind-driven ocean circulation (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 29 (1973), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The steady state wind-driven circulation in an immiscible three-layer ocean bounded only by a meridional east coast and a flat bottom is studied. Particular attention is paid to the occurrence of internal modes of motions in the Sverdrup transports (Sverdrup, 1947). The thicknesses of the upper two layers are of the same order and are allowed to vary up to the same order as the layer thicknesses themselves. Frictional transfer of momentum across the interfaces and the frictional boundary layer at the east coast are neglected. An eastward flow is obtained in the uppermost layer at lower middle latitudes. Though the particular feature in the wind-stress distribution as revealed byYoshida andKidokoro (1967a, 1967b) is not taken into account, the results show good agreement with the observed flow pattern of the Subtropical Countercurrent. Beneath the Subtropical Countercurrent a westward flow is predicted. These flows exhibit an internal mode of motions associated with a subsurface thermal front.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02108842
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of longshore variation of coastline geometry and bottom topography on coastal upwelling in a two-layer model (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 31 (1975), S. 48-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Effects of the longshore variation of the coastline geometry and the bottom topography on coastal upwelling are discussed. Longshore variations of the topography cause local enhancing or weakening of upwelling in the process of the generation and propagation of internal Kelvin and the shelf waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02108218
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a continental slope along the western boundary on the abyssal circulation (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 48 (1992), S. 193-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract To investigate effects of a continental slope along the western boundary on the abyssal circulation, numerical experiments using multi-level models were carried out. An ocean which extends over the northern and southern hemispheres is forced by cooling inside the ocean at the southwest corner of the basin and uniform heating through the sea surface. When the reference density for the cooling is vertically uniform, effects of the slope emerge clearly for the slope with considerably broad width. The deep western boundary current flowing over the slope feeds no bottom flows in the southern hemisphere, and carries the warmed deep water into the northern hemisphere. This leads to the increased meridional density gradient, which results in the modification of deep flow patterns. When the reference density is vertically distributed, the upper and lower northward flowing western boundary currents form in the deep layer. As the density stratification relaxes the topographic control, the westward intensification of the upper boundary current is achieved over the slope. The intensified flow is accompanied by the countercurrent and they form the horizontal recirculation over the slope. However, the effects are confined around the slope region and the interior flow patterns do not change. The lower boundary current is not significantly affected by the slope and has the large width with no countercurrent. It is found that the actual continental slope does not have significant effects on the gross feature of the thermohaline circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02239005
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convection induced by cooling at one side wall in two-dimensional non-rotating fluid —applicability to the deep Pacific circulation— (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 52 (1996), S. 617-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recognition that similarity in the density balance leads to resemblance in circulation between the two-dimensional non-rotating and three-dimensional rotating systems which have similar density stratification, we investigate convection induced by cooling at one side wall and heating at the sea surface by using a two-dimensional non-rotating model as idealized representation for the deep Pacific circulation. In the model, various vertical profiles are taken for the side wall cooling, which are assumed to correspond to the density structure of the Anatarctic Circumpolar Current. In a small diffusivity range, two important features are found to be robust against change in the vertical profile of the side wall cooling. One is that the density stratification is horizontally almost uniform. The other is that the balance in the density equation between the vertical advection and the vertical diffusion holds in the interior. Consequently, the vertical density balance, together with the equation of continuity, determines the circulation pattern for the prescribed vertical profile of the side wall cooling. The multi-layered meridional flow, which is expected to exist in the deep Pacific, is shown to form for certain vertical profiles of the side wall cooling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02238324
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Onset of coastal upwelling in a two-layer ocean by wind stress with longshore variation (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 30 (1974), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract On the assumption that motions of the barotropic mode are horizontally nondivergent, action of the wind stress with longshore variation on a two-layer ocean adjacent to the meridional east coast is studied. Only the equatorward wind stress is considered. Along the east coast, upwelling is induced by the direct effect of the coast and is confined in a narrow strip with the width of the order of the internal radius of deformation. The upwelling propagates poleward with the internal gravity wave speed. Coastal upwelling induced by the wind stress with longshore variation may be interpreted as the generation and propagation of internal Kelvin waves. Associated with the coastal upwelling, the equatorward flow in the upper layer and the poleward flow in the lower layer are formed as an internal mode of motions. When the bottom topography with the continental shelf and slope is taken into account, occurrence of the poleward undercurrent is delayed by a few days because of the generation of continental shelf waves. And, after the forcing is stopped, the shelf waves propagate poleward away from the upwelling region and the poleward undercurrent fully develops. At the margin of the continental shelf, another upwelling region is induced and propagates poleward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02112888
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bottom topography and density stratification on the formation of western boundary currents (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 35 (1980), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A wind-driven, general circulation for a two-layer ocean with continental shelf-slope along the western boundary is studied numerically. Special attention is focused on the formation process of the western boundary current in the subtropical gyre. The western boundary current develops in the upper layer along the western boundary on the shelf-slope with a bottom trapped poleward flow in the lower layer. The poleward undercurrent is concentrated approximately along the contour lines of the potential vorticity,f/D, wheref is the Coriolis parameter andD the depth of the ocean. The separation of upper- and lower-layer flows on the shelf-slope represents a typical transient response. As the response approaches a steady state, the poleward undercurrent decreases in amplitude, and the motion tends to be confined to the upper layer. The flow pattern becomes similar to that found in a flat bottom ocean. A steady-state response is expected to be isostatic (no motion in the lower layer), even on the shelf-slope, as conservation of potential vorticity would suggest. The remarkable increase in transport of the western boundary current produced by the formation of an anticyclonic vortex on the shelf-slope extending throughout the hemisphere (Holland, 1973) does not occur in the wind-driven general circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02108926
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bottom topography and density stratification on variations of western boundary currents caused by periodic change in wind stress (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 40 (1984), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Variations of the western boundary currents induced by a periodic change in wind stress are studied in a two-layer model with a continental slope along the western boundary. The variation of the total transport of the western boundary current over the continental slope shows a considerable phase lag with the wind stress and a decrease in amplitude compared with for the flat bottom ocean, though the interior barotropic response is to adjust almost instantaneously to the wind stress. The total transport variation of the western boundary current is well approximated by the upper layer transport variation. That is, almost complete separation of the upper- and lower-layer flows takes place over the slope, and only the upper layer flow contributes to the change in total transport of the western boundary current. Contributions of the interior barotropic and baroclinic responses to the upper layer transport variation depend on the forcing period. With decrease in the forcing period, the barotropic response becomes relatively important for determining the upper layer transport variation although the amplitude of the variation is smaller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of the Kuroshio large meander (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 41 (1985), S. 259-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The bimodality of the Kuroshio path is studied numerically with a barotropic inflow-outflow model. The dynamics that determines the path depends on the Rossby number,Ro (proportional to inlet velocity) and the Reynolds number (representing effects of viscosity). At lowRo (〈Ro 1) only a meander path occurs, while at highRo(Ro 2) only a straight path is developed. Between these critical values (Ro 1≦Ro≦Ro2) either of the two paths can occur (multiple states), and the choice of path is determined by its history. Increase (decrease) inRo acrossRo 2 (Ro 1) leads to catastrophic transition from one path to the other. In the intermediate range (Ro 1≦Ro≦Ro2), the straight path is conditionally unstable to finite amplitude disturbances, and abrupt changes to the meander path take place. Absolute vorticity is almost conserved along the meander path, while along the straight path it is dissipated in large amount near the coast. At low Re, the flow tends to a viscous flow, and steady states are obtained. At highRe, time variations with different periods for the meander and straight paths become dominant. Intermittent transitions from one state to the other without any changes of external parameters are found at intermediateRo and at highRe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109275
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of a two-layer ocean to typhoon passage in the western boundary region (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 29 (1973), S. 236-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Effect of the typhoon passage on the western boundary region of a two-layer ocean with bottom topography is studied. The ocean is initially at rest and is set in motion by a typhoon passing parallel to the west coast. Equations that represent barotropic and baroclinic modes of motions are solved numerically by means of the method of finite differences. Motions of the barotropic mode are assumed to be horizontally non-divergent. In this mode, an elongated vortex is produced by the typhoon and propagates toward the south after passage of the typhoon. Behavior of the vortex may be interpreted as continental shelf waves. It is found that the formation and propagation of continental shelf waves are hardly affected by the density stratification. As for the baroclinic response, the typhoon causes considerable interface displacements along its track. The interface displacements are associated with geostrophic motions and remain for long time, though they are formed on the continental slope. Besides the large scale baroclinic response, internal Kelvin waves are induced along the artificial east wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02108843
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of vertical viscosity and diffusivity on tropical ocean circulation (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 43 (1987), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Response of the tropical ocean to a uniform zonal wind is studied numerically and analytically. In addition to the Equatorial Undercurrent and surface westward flows on both sides of the equator, an eastward flow at the pycnocline depth is formed at several degrees latitude in both hemispheres. This subsurface eastward flow first appears in the eastern part of the ocean and extends to the west. Then it gradually decreases in speed, and at a steady state the speed is of the order of 1cm sec−1. The spatial distribution of this subsurface flow is similar to the Subsurface Countercurrent, but the speed is one order smaller than that observed. The obtained thermostad is obscure compared with that observed. Whole of the time evolution produced by a numerical model can be accounted for by linear wave dynamics in a multi-layer model including vertical diffusion and friction. Although diffusion and friction are essential to maintain this subsurface flow, changes in the values of coefficients for vertical viscosity and diffusivity and also in initial density stratification lead only to a minor change in the speed of the subsurface eastward flow. It is concluded that a subsurface eastward flow with speed exceeding 10 cm sec−1 accompanied by a distinctive thermostad structure cannot be explained by linear wave dynamics including vertical dissipation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02110629
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