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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual phosphorylation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae HPr by Enzyme I and HPr kinase suggests an extended phosphoryl group susceptibility of HPr (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 247 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Gram-positive bacteria, the HPr protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system can be phosphorylated at two distinct sites, His-15 and Ser-46. While the former phosphorylation is implicated in phosphoryl transfer to the incoming sugars, the latter serves regulatory purposes. In Bacillus subtilis, the two phosphorylation events are mutually exclusive. In contrast, doubly phosphorylated HPr is present in cell extracts of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In this work, we studied the ability of the two single phosphorylated HPr species to accept a second phosphoryl group. Indeed, both Enzyme I and the HPr kinase/phosphorylase from M. pneumoniae are able to use phosphorylated HPr as a substrate. The formation of doubly phosphorylated HPr is substantially slower as compared to the phosphorylation of free HPr. However, the rate of formation of doubly phosphorylated HPr is sufficient to account for the amount of HPr(His?P)(Ser-P) detected in M. pneumoniae cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.05.004
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antagonistic effects of dual PTS-catalysed phosphorylation on the Bacillus subtilis transcriptional activator LevR (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: LevR, which controls the expression of the lev operon of Bacillus subtilis, is a regulatory protein containing an N-terminal domain similar to the NifA/NtrC transcriptional activator family and a C-terminal domain similar to the regulatory part of bacterial anti-terminators, such as BglG and LicT. Here, we demonstrate that the activity of LevR is regulated by two phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphorylation reactions catalysed by the phosphotransferase system (PTS), a transport system for sugars, polyols and other sugar derivatives. The two general components of the PTS, enzyme I and HPr, and the two soluble, sugar-specific proteins of the lev-PTS, LevD and LevE, form a signal transduction chain allowing the PEP-dependent phosphorylation of LevR, presumably at His-869. This phosphorylation seems to inhibit LevR activity and probably regulates the induction of the lev operon. Mutants in which His-869 of LevR has been replaced with a non-phosphorylatable alanine residue exhibited constitutive expression from the lev promoter, as do levD or levE mutants. In contrast, PEP-dependent phosphorylation of LevR in the presence of only the general components of the PTS, enzyme I and HPr, regulates LevR activity positively. This phosphorylation most probably occurs at His-585. Mutants in which His-585 has been replaced with an alanine had lost stimulation of LevR activity and PEP-dependent phosphorylation by enzyme I and HPr. This second phosphorylation of LevR at His-585 is presumed to play a role in carbon catabolite repression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00781.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PRD — a protein domain involved in PTS-dependent induction and carbon catabolite repression of catabolic operons in bacteria (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several operon-specific transcriptional regulators, including antiterminators and activators, contain a duplicated conserved domain, the PTS regulation domain (PRD). These duplicated domains modify the activity of the transcriptional regulators both positively and negatively. PRD-containing regulators are very common in Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, antiterminators controlling β-glucoside utilization are the only functionally characterized members of this family from Gram-negative bacteria. PRD-containing regulators are controlled by PTS-dependent phosphorylation with different consequences: (i) In the absence of inducer, the phosphorylated EIIB component of the sugar permease donates its phosphate to a PRD, thereby inactivating the regulator. In the presence of the substrate, the regulator is dephosphorylated, and the phosphate is transferred to the sugar, resulting in induction of the operon. (ii) In Gram-positive bacteria, a novel mechanism of carbon catabolite repression mediated by PRD-containing regulators has been demonstrated. In the absence of PTS substrates, the HPr protein is phosphorylated by enzyme I at His-15. This form of HPr can, in turn, phosphorylate PRD-containing regulators and stimulate their activity. In the presence of rapidly metabolizable carbon sources, ATP-dependent phosphorylation of HPr at Ser-46 by HPr kinase inhibits phosphorylation by enzyme I, and PRD-containing regulators cannot, therefore, be stimulated and are inactive. All regulators of this family contain two copies of PRD, which are functionally specialized in either induction or catabolite repression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00839.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of the glycolytic gapA operon by the catabolite control protein A in Bacillus subtilis: a novel mechanism of CcpA-mediated regulation (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 45 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycolysis is one of the main pathways of carbon catabolism in Bacillus subtilis. Expression of the gapA gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme of glycolysis from an energetic point of view, is induced by glucose and other sugars. Two regulators are involved in induction of the gapA operon, the product of the first gene of the operon, the CggR repressor, and catabolite control protein A (CcpA). CcpA is required for induction of the gapA operon by glucose. Genetic evidence has demonstrated that CcpA does not control the expression of the gapA operon by binding directly to a target in the promoter region. Here, we demonstrate by physiological analysis of the inducer spectrum that CcpA is required only for induction by sugars transported by the phosphotransferase system (PTS). A functional CcpA is needed for efficient transport of these sugars. This interference of CcpA with PTS sugar transport results from an altered phosphorylation pattern of HPr, a phosphotransferase of the PTS. In a ccpA mutant strain, HPr is nearly completely phosphorylated on a regulatory site, Ser-46, and is trapped in this state, resulting in its inactivity in PTS phosphotransfer. A mutation in HPr affecting the regulatory phosphorylation site suppresses both the defect in PTS sugar transport and the induction of the gapA operon. We conclude that a low-molecular effector derived from glucose that acts as an inducer for the repressor CggR is limiting in the ccpA mutant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03034.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Bacillus subtilis catabolite control protein CcpA exerts all its regulatory functions by DNA-binding (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 203 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Bacillus subtilis, carbon catabolite control is mediated by the regulatory protein CcpA. In addition to loss of catabolite repression, ccpA mutants exhibit a severe growth defect. They are not able to grow with glucose and ammonium as single sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Only ccpA mutant strains carrying either secondary suppressor mutations or that are affected in specific amino acids in the DNA-binding domain of CcpA grow on minimal media. We addressed the importance of DNA-binding by CcpA for both carbon catabolite repression and growth of a mutant strain. A strain specifically deleted for the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of CcpA was constructed. This deletion resulted in complete loss of catabolite repression of β-xylosidase synthesis and prevented bacteria from growing on minimal media, suggesting that DNA-binding by CcpA is required for both carbon catabolite repression and efficient growth on minimal media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10830.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the presumptive phosphorylation sites of the Bacillus subtilis glucose permease by site-directed mutagenesis: implication in glucose transport and catabolite repression (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 156 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bacillus subtilis utilizes glucose as the preferred source of carbon and energy. Glucose is transported and concomitantly phosphorylated by the glucose permease (PtsG) of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. The phosphate is transferred from enzyme I via HPr and domains IIA and IIB of the glucose permease to the sugar. In this study mutants affected in the putative phosphorylation sites of glucose permease were constructed and the effect on sugar transport and glucose repression tested. Phosphorylation of both domains IIAGlc and IIBGlc is required for efficient glucose transport and repression of β-xylosidase and the bglPH operon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12733.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription of glycolytic genes and operons in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for the presence of multiple levels of control of the gapA operon (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 41 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycolysis is one of the main pathways of carbon catabolism in Bacillus subtilis. Although the biochemical activity of glycolytic enzymes has been studied in detail, no information about the expression of glycolytic genes has so far been available in this organism. Therefore, transcriptional analysis of all glycolytic genes was performed. The genes cggR, gapA, pgk, tpi, pgm and eno, encoding the enzymes required for the interconversion of triose phosphates, are transcribed as a hexacistronic operon as demonstrated by Northern analysis. This gapA operon is repressed by the regulator CggR. The presence of sugars and amino acids synergistically results in the induction of the gapA operon. The transcriptional start site upstream of cggR was mapped by primer extension. Transcripts originating upstream of cggR are processed near the 3′ end of cggR. This endonucleolytic cleavage leads to differential stability of the resulting processing products: the monocistronic cggR message is very rapidly degraded, whereas the mRNA species encoding glycolytic enzymes exhibit much higher stability. An additional internal constitutive promoter was identified upstream of pgk. Thus, gapA is the most strongly regulated gene of this operon. The pfk pyk operon encoding phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase is weakly induced by glucose. In contrast, the genes pgi and fbaA, coding for phosphoglucoisomerase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, are constitutively expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02523.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel protein kinase that controls carbon catabolite repression in bacteria (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HPr(Ser) kinase is the sensor in a multicomponent phosphorelay system that controls catabolite repression, sugar transport and carbon metabolism in Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other protein kinases, it recognizes the tertiary structure in its target protein, HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the bacterial phosphotransferase system and a transcriptional cofactor controlling the phenomenon of catabolite repression. We have identified the gene (ptsK) encoding this serine/threonine protein kinase and characterized the purified protein product. Orthologues of PtsK have been identified only in bacteria. These proteins constitute a novel family unrelated to other previously characterized protein phosphorylating enzymes. The Bacillus subtilis kinase is shown to be allosterically activated by metabolites such as fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and inhibited by inorganic phosphate. In contrast to wild-type B. subtilis, the ptsK mutant is insensitive to transcriptional regulation by catabolite repression. The reported results advance our understanding of phosphorylation-dependent carbon control mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00747.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of the Bacillus subtilis ptsGHI operon by glucose is controlled by a novel antiterminator, GlcT (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 25 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glucose is the preferred carbon and energy source of Bacillus subtilis. It is transported into the cell by the glucose-specific phosphoenolpyruvatesugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) encoded by the ptsGHI locus. We show here that these three genes (ptsG, ptsH, and ptsI ) form an operon, the expression of which is inducible by glucose. In addition, ptsH and ptsI form a constitutive ptsHI operon. The promoter of the ptsGHI operon was mapped and expression from this promoter was found to be constitutive. Deletion mapping of the promoter region revealed the presence of a transcriptional terminator as a regulatory element between the promoter and coding region of the ptsG gene. Mutations within the ptsG gene were characterized and their consequences on the expression of ptsG studied. The results suggest that expression of the ptsGHI operon is subject to negative autoregulation by the glucose permease, which is the ptsG gene product. A regulatory gene located upstream of the ptsGHI operon, termed glcT, was also identified. The GlcT protein is a novel member of the BglG family of transcriptional antiterminators and is essential for the expression of the ptsGHI operon. A deletion of the terminator alleviates the need for GlcT. The activity of GlcT is negatively regulated by the glucose permease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4351797.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupling Physiology and Gene Regulation in Bacteria: The Phosphotransferase Sugar Uptake System Delivers the Signals (1998)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 85 (1998), S. 583-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Escherichia coli and thereby the activity of the catabolite activator protein. In many gram-positive bacteria catabolite repression is mediated by the catabolite control protein CcpA, which requires HPr Ser-46 phosphate as a cofactor to regulate transcription of catabolic genes. HPr Ser-46 phosphate is produced by HPr kinase, the activity of which is under metabolic control via the concentrations of glycolytic intermediates. These recent results establish a multifaceted regulatory role for PTS in addition to its well-established function in active sugar uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050555
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