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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction of the HLA-Cw3 genomic sequence tentatively identifies it as HLA-Cw * 0304 (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 44 (1996), S. 82-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050093
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-defined HLA-B7 subtypes differ in peptide antigen presentation (1995)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1995), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated T-cell-defined HLA-B7 subtypes using cDNA sequencing, analysis of bound peptides, and reactivity with a panel of alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Three subtypes (HLA-B*0702, HLA-B*0703, and HLA-B*0705) differ in nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence. CTL reactivity and pooled peptide sequencing show that these three HLA-B7 subtypes bind distinct but overlapping sets of peptides. In particular B*0702 expresses D pocket residue Asp 114 and binds peptides with P3 Arg, whereas B*0705 expresses D pocket residue Asn 114 and binds peptides with P3 Ala, Leu, and Met. Consistent with different peptide-binding specificities, three alloreactive CTL differentiate between cells expressing B*0702, B*0703, and B*0705 by detecting specific peptide/HLA-B7 complexes. In contrast, three other T-cell-defined HLA-B7 subtypes are identical to HLA-B*0702. The B*0702-expressing cell lines are differentiated by two of ten CTL clones. One CTL clone differentiates B*0702-expressing cells by their ability to present peptide antigen. Thus differences in peptide presentation can explain differential CTL recognition of cell lines expressing structurally identical and variant HLA-B7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186601
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methanotrophic populations in estuarine sediment from Newport Bay, California (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 250 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Methanotrophic populations have been studied in Newport Bay estuary, Southern California. Environmental clone banks were generated for 16S rRNA genes specific to methanotrophs and for a diagnostic functional gene, pmoA, encoding a conserved subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase. These clone banks contained sequences specific to types I and II methanotrophs typically found in aquatic environments including freshwater lake and soda lake sediments, aquifers and rice paddies. However, a group of clones that were divergent (93% identity) from known methanotrophic 16S rRNA genes but represented in 16S rRNA gene libraries from other aquatic environments were detected. A group of pmoA sequences divergent (83% identity) from extant methanotrophs and not previously represented in any environmental clone libraries, were also detected. It is concluded that this environment contains significant methanotroph diversity and that some of these may represent novel groups of methanotrophic bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.016
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANNING FOR DROUGHT: MOVING FROM CRISIS TO RISK MANAGEMENT (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Severe drought is a recurring problem for the United States, as illustrated by widespread economic, social, and environmental impacts. Recent drought episodes and the widespread drought conditions in 1996, 1998, and 1999 emphasized this vulnerability and the need for a more proactive, risk management approach to drought management that would place greater emphasis on preparedness planning and mitigation actions. Drought planning has become a principal tool of states and other levels of government to improve their response to droughts. For example, since 1982, the number of states with drought plans has increased from 3 to 29. Many local governments have also adopted drought or water shortage plans. Unfortunately, most state drought plans were established during the 1980s and early 1990s and emphasize emergency response or crisis management rather than risk management. This paper presents a substantive revision of a 10-step drought planning process that has been applied widely in the United States and elsewhere. The revised planning process places more weight on risk assessment and the development and implementation of mitigation actions and programs. The goal of this paper is to encourage states to adopt this planning process in the revision of existing drought plans or, for states without plans, in the development of new plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04299.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 917-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although iron is required to sustain life, its free concentration and metabolism have to be tightly regulated. This is achieved through a variety of iron-binding proteins including transferrin and ferritin. During infection, bacteria acquire much of their iron from the host by synthesizing ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5 (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 410 (2001), S. 1099-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, but not on the host. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize PAMPs and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. Flagellin, a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35074106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Risk, Precaution, and Scientific Rationality in the Context of WTO/NAFTA Trade Rules (2004)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 24 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This article considers the role of scientific rationality in understanding statements of risk produced by a scientific community. An argument is advanced that, while scientific rationality does impose constraints on valid scientific justifications for restrictions on products and practices, it also provides flexibility in the judgments needed to both develop and apply characterizations of risk. The implications of this flexibility for the understanding of risk estimates in WTO and NAFTA deliberations are explored, with the goal of finding an intermediate ground between the view that science unambiguously justifies or rejects a policy, and the view that science is yet another cultural tool that can be manipulated in support of any decision. The result is a proposal for a dialogical view of scientific rationality in which risk estimates are depicted as confidence distributions that follow from a structured dialogue of scientific panels focused on judgments of evidence, evidential reasoning, and epistemic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00449.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring body-cors temperature from the trachea: Comparison between pulmonary artery,tympanic, esophageal, and rectal temperatures (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 12 (1996), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Endotracheal tube ; humidity ; temperature monitoring: tracheal ; tore ; pulmonary artery ; esophageal ; tympanic ; rectal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Introduction. We designed an endotracheal tube (ETT) for acquiring body-tore temperature from the trachea. This ETT had two temperature sensors, one attached to the inside surface of the cuff, the other mounted on the ETT shaft underneath the cuff. The ETT was evaluatedin vitro and in dogs to determine: 1) optimal position of temperature sensors and 2) the responsiveness, accuracy, and resistance to ventilatory artifacts.Methods.In vitro. An artificial trachea assessed the response-time and accuracy of ETT temperature sensors to abrupt temperature changes and ventilatory flow-rates.In vivo. Body temperature in 5 dogs was lowered to approximately 26°C then elevated toward 39°C using a heat exchanger during carotid jugular bypass. ETT temperature measurements were compared simultaneously with those from the artificial trachea (in vitro) or from the pulmonary artery, tympanic cavity, esophagus, and rectum of dogs using dry and humidified gas.Results. Cuff temperature sensor responded quickly and accurately to temperature changes and was less prone than the tube sensor to ventilatory and humidity artifacts. During carotid-jugular bypass,in vivo tube and cuff mean temperatures averaged 1.4°C and 0.36°C lower, respectively, than pulmonary artery temperatures. There were no statistical differentes (P 〉 0.05) between cuff temperatures and those measured from the pulmonary artery, tympanic cavity, esophagus, and rectum. Heating and humidifying the inspiratory gas of dogs with a water-bath humidifer or heat moisture exchanger (HME) had minimal effects on the cuff temperature sensor. An in-line HME increasedin vivo tube temperature from baseline values by 1.13 ± 0.80 °C, while cuff temperature increased by 0.21 ±0.24°C.Conclusion. The cuff of the ETT is a reliable site for measuring body-tore temperature in intubated patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857648
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The new problem of genetics: A response to Gifford (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 331-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Epigenetic ; genetic ; genotype ; morphology ; phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Recently, Fred Gifford attempted to explicate the meaning of the term “genetic” as applied to phenotypic traits. He takes as his primary goal the explication of how the term is used and tries to avoid conclusions about how it should be used. He proposes two independent criteria (DF and PI) which together capture much of what biologists mean when they describe traits as “genetic”. Although Gifford's approach is extremely insightful in many ways, I argue that his analysis is not sufficiently critical concerning the adequacy of common usage. In particular, while DF is a perfectly legitimate and useful measure of heritability in populations, it is not necessarily a genetic one and should not be labeled as such. PI on the other hand, although very intuitive, depends on an extremely problematic distinction between causes and mere conditions (e.g., genes and epigenetic factors). Both criteria will be highly relative and both, via what I term “the new problem of genetics”, will inspire contradictory analyses based on the same data. Fortunately, as Gifford recognizes, it is not necessary to make sense of “genetic” at all in order to do biology. Quantitative genetics can do the kind of (heritability) analysis that DF embodies without making questionable claims about genes. Causal-mechanical or “bottom-up” biology can proceed perfectly well without postulating the priveleged role for “genetic causes” that PI entails. In short, talk of “genetic traits”, under either criteria, is unnecessary and misleading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129974
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neo-rationalism versus neo-Darwinism: Integrating development and evolution (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 431-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Darwinism ; epigenetic ; genetic ; genotype ; phenotype ; rationalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An increasing number of biologists are expressing discontent with the prevailing theory of neo-Darwinism. In particular, the tendency of neo-Darwinians to adopt genetic determinism and atomistic notions of both genes and organisms is seen as grossly unfair to the body of developmental theory. One faction of dissenteers, the Process Structuralists, take their inspiration from the rational morphologists who preceded Darwin. These “neo-rationalists” argue that a mature biology must possess universal laws and that these “generative laws” should be sought within organismal development. Such a rational biology will only be possible once the neo-Darwinian paradigm, with its reliance on inherently stochastic processes, is overthrown. To facilitate this revolution, process structuralism launches a broad attack on the theoritical adequacy of its opponent. It is charged that neo-Darwinism is untestable and therefore its hypotheses are nothing more than adaptive stories. Further, the lamentable tendencies toward genetic determinism and atomism by modern biologists is seen as the inescapable consequences of adopting the neo-Darwinian outlook. I allow that neo-Darwinism is untestable but argue that this does not pose a major difficulty for the theory. Further, it is not clear to what extent genetic determinism and atomism result from sloppy methodology as opposed to fundamental theoritical commitments. But the process structuralist critique does reveal some deep-seated problems with orthodox evolutionary theory and some of its suggestions may be employed to good effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130061
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