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The response to NaCl of excised fully differentiated and differentiating tissues of the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and its wild relatives, L. peruvianum and Solanum pennellii (1983)

Taleisnik-Gertel, E. ; Tal, M. ; Shannon, M. C.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 59 (1983), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: The responses to NaCl of cultured leaf discs and leaflets derived from fully differentiated leaves and of shoot apices excised from the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and its wild salt-tolerant relatives L. peruvianum (L.) Mill, and Solanum pennellii Cor were compared. The results suggest that the tolerance of the whole plant to salt depends largely on the tolerance of plant organs containing meristematic tissues rather than on tissues already differentiated. This suggestion is based on the positive correlation found between the response to NaCl of shoot apices and of the whole plant, i.e. both whole plants and apices of the wild species were more resistant to salt than those of the cultivated species. No difference was found among the species with respect to the responses of the fully differentiated parts. The ion balance (K+/Na+ and Cl−/Na+) in detached leaves and apices exposed to salt was different from the balance in the same parts while attached to the salt-treated plant. This difference may be due to the severance of the excised parts from the major sites controlling the balance of ions in the whole plant.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb06296.x

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Salt sensitivity of corn at various growth stages (1983)

Maas, E. V. ; Hoffman, G. J. ; Chaba, G. D. ; [et al.]

Springer

Irrigation science 4 (1983), S. 45-57

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ISSN: 1432-1319

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary This study was conducted to determine the relative salt tolerance of corn (Zea mays L.) at different growth stages from germination to maturity when grown in organic soil. Another objective was to determine how rapidly and to what extent the salinity of the irrigation water can be increased during the growing season without decreasing the yield of corn. Germination tests on 16 cultivars showed that corn is relatively tolerant during germination. All but 2 cultivars germinated satisfactorily at soil water salinities, EC sw up to 10 dS/m (1 dS/m=1 mmho/cm). In separate greenhouse experiments, emergence of nine corn cultivars grown in an organic muck soil was delayed by increasing soil salinity but the final emergence percentage 6 days after planting was unaffected by EC sw up to 9.3 dS/m. Seedling growth was much more sensitive to salinity than seed germination. The threshold EC sw for dry matter yields at 21 days was below 1.0 dS/m for most cultivars. Salinities above this threshold of 1 dS/m decreased seedling growth 4.9% per unit increase in EC sw. The salt tolerance thresholds for ear and grain yields were much higher than for seedling growth, while yield decrements per unit increase in EC, above this threshold were greater. Fresh ear yields of Bonanza, a sweet corn cultivar, decreased 7.7% per unit increase in EC sw above a threshold of 5.8 dS/m. Dry grain yields decreased 10.1% per unit increase above 5.5 dS/m. Increasing the salinity of the irrigation water to 9 dS/m at the tasseling and/or grain filling stages did not significantly decrease yields below those obtained where irrigation water salinities were kept constant.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285556

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Rubber production of salt-stressed guayule at various plant populations (1988)

Hoffman, G. J. ; Shannon, M. C. ; Maas, E. V. ; [et al.]

Springer

Irrigation science 9 (1988), S. 213-226

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ISSN: 1432-1319

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The hypothesis that increasing the plant population of guayule (Parthenium argentatum) to compensate for the reduced plant canopy size caused by soil salinity coupled with an anticipated enchancement of rubber production under the moderate environmental stress imposed by salinity was tested in a field plot experiment in the Imperial Valley of California. Irrigation waters having electrical conductivities (EG i ) of 1.2, 3.2, 6.5, and 9.4 dS/m were applied for 4 years to plots having plant populations of 28,000, 56,000, and 84,000 plants per hectare. The influence of salinity on rubber and resin production was independent of plant population. The salt tolerance threshold, maximum average salinity level of the root zone measured as the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts ( $$\overline{\overline {{\text{EC}}}} _e $$ ) without yield reduction, was 7.5 dS/m; beyond this threshold, rubber production was reduced 6.1% per unit increase of soil salinity. The salinity values were averaged through the root zone from planting to harvest. The average rubber content — 7.9% — was altered little by treatment or harvest age for 2- to 4-year-old plants. Resin content averaged 8.4% but increased salinity and increased plant population increased the resin content slightly in some cases. Dry matter production of shoots for the nonsaline treatment was 259 kg/ha/month for pollarded (clipped) shoots after 31 months, 203 kg/ha/month for shoots harvested after 43 months, and 401 kg/ha/month for the 24-month period after pollarding. Combining the shoot mass after 31 and 55 months gave an average growth rate of 321 kg/ha, supporting the recommendation for pollarding. Monthly growth rates for the lowest salt treatment (3.2 dS/m) were about 10% less than for the nonsaline treatment (1.2 dS/m). The hypothesis tested was proven to be false because neither increased salinity nor increased plant population increased rubber production.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275433

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Principles and strategies in breeding for higher salt tolerance (1985)

Shannon, M. C.

Springer

Plant and soil 89 (1985), S. 227-241

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Salt tolerance ; Selection ; Stress

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Salinity is an environmental component that usually reduces yield. Recent advances in the understanding of salt effects on plants have not revealed a reliable physiological or biochemical marker that can be used to rapidly screen for salt tolerance. The necessity of measuring salt tolerance based upon growth in saline relative to non-saline environments makes salt tolerance measurements and selection for tolerance difficult. Additionally, high variability in soil salinity and environmental interactions makes it questionable whether breeding should be conducted for tolerance or for high yield. Genetic techniques can be used to identify the components of variation attributable to genotype and environment, and the extent of genetic variation in saline and nonsaline environments can be used to estimate the potential for improving salt tolerance. Absolute salt tolerance can be improved best by increasing both absolute yield and relative salt tolerance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182244

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Emergence and seedling growth of soybean cultivars and maturity groups under salinity (1999)

Wang, D. ; Shannon, M. C.

Springer

Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 117-124

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: calcium chloride ; furrow irrigation ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; salt ; sodium chloride

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Soybean is an important agricultural crop and has, among its genotypes, a relatively wide variation in salt tolerance. As measured by vegetative growth and yield, however, the achievement or failure of a high emergence ratio and seedling establishment in saline soils can have significant economic implications in areas where soil salinity is a potential problem for soybean. This study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity, variety and maturation rate on soybean emergence and seedling growth. Included in the study were the variety ‘Manokin’; four near-isogenic sibling lines of the variety ‘Lee’ belonging to maturity groups IV, V, VI and VII; and the variety ‘Essex’ and two of its near-isogenic related lines representing maturity groups V, VI and VII, respectively. Field plots were salinized with sodium chloride and calcium chloride salts prior to planting. The soybeans were irrigated with furrow irrigation which redistributed the salts towards the tail ends of the field plots. Elevated soil salinity near the tail ends of the field significantly reduced soybean emergence rate, shoot height and root length. No significant reduction was found for emergence or seedling growth of variety ‘Manokin’ when the electrical conductivity of soil solution extract (ECe) was less than 3 dS m−1. Soybean emergence and seedling growth was significantly reduced when soil ECe reached about 11 dS m−1. Maturity groups V and VII of variety ‘Lee’ or V and VI of ‘Essex’ appeared to be more sensitive to salinity stress than other maturity groups. Salt tolerance of different genotypes and maturity groups should be considered, among other limiting factors, in minimizing salinity effects on soybean growth.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004719420806

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