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Description: The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rabe, B., Heuze, C., Regnery, J., Aksenov, Y., Allerholt, J., Athanase, M., Bai, Y., Basque, C., Bauch, D., Baumann, T. M., Chen, D., Cole, S. T., Craw, L., Davies, A., Damm, E., Dethloff, K., Divine, D., Doglioni, F., Ebert, F., Fang, Y-C., Fer, I., Fong, A. A., Gradinger, R., Granskog, M. A., Graupner, R., Haas, C., He, H., He, Y., Hoppmann, M., Janout, M., Kadko, D., Kanzow, T., Karam, S., Kawaguchi, Y., Koenig, Z., Kong, B., Krishfield, R. A., Krumpen, T., Kuhlmey, D., Kuznetsov, I., Lan, M., Laukert, G., Lei, R., Li, T., Torres-Valdés, S., Lin, L,. Lin, L., Liu, H., Liu, N., Loose, B., Ma, X., MacKay, R., Mallet, M., Mallett, R. D. C., Maslowski, W., Mertens, C., Mohrholz, V., Muilwijk, M., Nicolaus, M., O’Brien, J. K., Perovich, D., Ren, J., Rex, M., Ribeiro, N., Rinke, A., Schaffer, J., Schuffenhauer, I., Schulz, K., Shupe, M. D., Shaw, W., Sokolov, V., Sommerfeld, A., Spreen, G., Stanton, T., Stephens, M., Su, J., Sukhikh, N., Sundfjord, A., Thomisch, K., Tippenhauer, S., Toole, J. M., Vredenborg, M., Walter, M., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Wendisch, M., Zhao, J., Zhou, M., & Zhu, J. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: physical oceanography. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 10(1), (2022): 1, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00062.

Description: Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN conducted a full year of physical oceanography observations as part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), a drift with the Arctic sea ice from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the program to characterize the Arctic Ocean system in unprecedented detail, from the seafloor to the air-sea ice-ocean interface, from sub-mesoscales to pan-Arctic. The oceanographic measurements were coordinated with the other teams to explore the ocean physics and linkages to the climate and ecosystem. This paper introduces the major components of the physical oceanography program and complements the other team overviews of the MOSAiC observational program. Team OCEAN’s sampling strategy was designed around hydrographic ship-, ice- and autonomous platform-based measurements to improve the understanding of regional circulation and mixing processes. Measurements were carried out both routinely, with a regular schedule, and in response to storms or opening leads. Here we present along-drift time series of hydrographic properties, allowing insights into the seasonal and regional evolution of the water column from winter in the Laptev Sea to early summer in Fram Strait: freshening of the surface, deepening of the mixed layer, increase in temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water. We also highlight the presence of Canada Basin deep water intrusions and a surface meltwater layer in leads. MOSAiC most likely was the most comprehensive program ever conducted over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. While data analysis and interpretation are ongoing, the acquired datasets will support a wide range of physical oceanography and multi-disciplinary research. They will provide a significant foundation for assessing and advancing modeling capabilities in the Arctic Ocean.

Description: The following projects and funding agencies contributed to this work: Why is the deep Arctic Ocean Warming is funded by the Swedish Research Council, project number 2018-03859, and berth fees for this project were covered by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat; The Changing Arctic Ocean (CAO) program, jointly funded by the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), in particular, the CAO projects Advective Pathways of nutrients and key Ecological substances in the ARctic (APEAR) grants NE/R012865/1, NE/R012865/2, and #03V01461, and the project Primary productivity driven by Escalating Arctic NUTrient fluxeS grant #03F0804A; The Research Council of Norway (AROMA, grant no 294396; HAVOC, grant no 280292; and CAATEX, grant no 280531); Collaborative Research: Thermodynamics and Dynamic Drivers of the Arctic Sea Ice Mass Budget at Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate; National Science Foundation (NSF) projects 1723400, Stanton; OPP-1724551, Shupe; The Helmholtz society strategic investment Frontiers in Arctic Marine monitoring (FRAM); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) through the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre TRR 172 “ArctiC Amplification: Climate Relevant Atmospheric and SurfaCe Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms (AC)3” (grant 268020496); The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant numbers JP18H03745, JP18KK0292, and JP17KK0083) and the COLE grant of U. Tokyo; National Key Research and Development Plan Sub-Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFA0601804), “Simulation, Prediction and Regional Climate Response of Global Warming Hiatus”, 2016/07-2021/06; National Science Foundation grant number OPP-1756100 which funded two of the Ice-Tethered Profilers and all the Ice-Tethered Profiler deployments; Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs, funded by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration; Marine Science and Technology Fund of Shandong Province for Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Grant: 2018SDKJ0104-1) and Chinese Natural Science Foundation (Grant: 41941012); UK NERC Long-term Science Multiple Centre National Capability Programme “North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS)”, grant NE/N018044/1; The London NERC Doctoral Training Partnership grant (NE/L002485/1) which funded RDCM; NSF grant number OPP-1753423, which funded the 7Be tracer –measurements; and The Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) through its projects: AWI_OCEAN, AWI_ROV, AWI_ICE, AWI_SNOW, AWI_ECO, AWI_ATMO, and AWI_BGC.

Description: This set provides 68 CTD profiles of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity, Surface Photosynthetically Active Radiation (SPAR) and sound velocity measured on board the Chinese R/V Hai Yang Di Zhi Shi Hao in September 2018, in the northern South China Sea, within the project Megacity's fingerprint in Chinese marginal seas: Investigation of pollutant fingerprints and dispersal. Additionally, oxygen saturation, salinity, potential temperature and potential density are also provided. The dataset was used to study the presence and spatial distribution of natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the Pearl River Estuary and northern shelf of the South China Sea.

Description: This dataset provides 37 CTD profiles measured on board of the German R/V Sonne (cruise SO269) in the northern South China Sea, under the project SOCLIS – South China Sea Natural Laboratory under Climatic and Anthropogenic Stress, in August and September 2019. The 37 profiles of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity, surface irradiance (SPAR) and Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and sound velocity were measured using a CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus, together with oxygen sensor (SBE 43), PAR sensor (Biospherical, QCP-2350 + QSR-2200), and a fluorometer (WET Labs ECO-FLNTU(RT)D). Additionally, dissolved oxygen, potential temperature and sigma-theta (with reference to the surface) were calculated. The 37 additional CTD files complement the physical oceanography dataset (Waniek et al., 2021).

Description: During the cruise POS501 on board the German R/V Poseidon, we measured temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, and turbidity on 35 stations in the Madeira Basin, Northeast Atlantic in June 2016. We aimed to study the physical and biogeochemical conditions in the upper 2000 m of the water column in the catchment area of Kiel 276. The CTD stations are distributed along three meridians (23°W, 22°W, 21°W, and 20°W) and between 30° and 37°N to locate the Azores Front. The dissolved oxygen data is noisy below 1700 m Since there was no measurement of dissolved oxygen (Winkler titration) during the cruise, the data cannot be calibrated.

Description: This dataset contains hydrographic data collected with a small hand-held conductivity, temperature, depth sensor (CTD, a Sea&Sun CTD48M) – mostly operated from the ice – during Leg 4 and Leg 5 of the Multidisciplinary drifting observatory for the study of Arctic climate (MOSAiC). In total, 24 profiles were obtained, 12 from each leg. The data collected was processed manually. Conductivity readings below 0.5 mS/cm and temperature readings below the surface freezing temperature were removed. A pressure offset was then subtracted to start the profile at 0 dbar. The data was then binned in steps of 0.1 dbar from the surface to 5 dbar, in steps of 0.25 dbar to 20 dbar, and in steps of 0.5 dbar below. Large density inversions were manually removed and linearly interpolated over. Absolute Salinity (SA) and Conservative Temperature (CT) were derived using the TEOS-10 GSW toolbox (McDougall & Barker, 2011). This work was carried out as part of the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) with the tag MOSAiC20192020. We thank all persons involved in the expedition of the Research Vessel Polarstern during MOSAiC in 2019-2020 (AWI_PS122_00) as listed in Nixdorf et al. (2021).

Description: This set provides 68 CTD profiles of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity, Surface Photosynthetically Active Radiation (SPAR) and sound velocity measured on board the Chinese R/V Hai Yang Di Zhi Shi Hao in September 2018, in the northern South China Sea, within the project Megacity's fingerprint in Chinese marginal seas: Investigation of pollutant fingerprints and dispersal. Additionally, oxygen saturation, salinity, potential temperature and potential density are also provided. The dataset was used to study the presence and spatial distribution of natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the Pearl River Estuary and northern shelf of the South China Sea.

Description: This set provides 68 CTD profiles of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity, Surface Photosynthetically Active Radiation (SPAR) and sound velocity measured on board the Chinese R/V Hai Yang Di Zhi Shi Hao in September 2018, in the northern South China Sea, within the project Megacity's fingerprint in Chinese marginal seas: Investigation of pollutant fingerprints and dispersal. Additionally, oxygen saturation, salinity, potential temperature and potential density are also provided. The dataset was used to study the presence and spatial distribution of natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the Pearl River Estuary and northern shelf of the South China Sea.