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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of nitrate transporter genes in tomato colonized by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 115 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: PCR amplifications using tomato DNA and degenerate oligonucleotide primers allowed identification of a new putative nitrate transporter, termed NRT2;3. Its sequence showed typical motifs of a high affinity nitrate transporter of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). The formation of its mRNA was positively controlled by nitrate, and negatively by ammonium, but not by glutamine. In situ hybridization experiments showed that this transporter was mainly expressed in rhizodermal cells. Results from expression studies with two other nitrate transporters, LeNRT1;1 and LeNRT2;1, were essentially in accord with data of the literature. In roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Sy167, transcript formation of NRT2;3 extended to the inner cortical cells where the fungal structures, arbuscules and vesicles, were concentrated. Northern analyses indicated that the expression of only NRT2;3 among the transporters assayed was higher in AMF colonized tomato roots than in non-colonized controls. AMF-colonization caused a significant expression of a nitrate reductase gene of G. intraradices. The results may mean that AMF-colonization positively affects nitrate uptake from soil and nitrate allocation to the plant partner, probably mediated preferentially by LeNRT2;3. In addition, part of the nitrate taken up is reduced by the fungal partner itself and may then be transferred, when in excess, as glutamine to the plant symbiotic partner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150115.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 361 (1993), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Complementary DNA8 was used as a probe to isolate a clone from a AEMBL4 genomic library of grapevine (Vitis vinifera var. Optima) containing two linked, full-length stilbene synthase genes (Vstl and Vst2, Fig. la). Direct gene transfer experiments into tobacco were done to prove the two genes ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361153a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinated changes in transcription and translation rates of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase mRNAs in elicitor-treated Petroselinum crispum cells (1985)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 4 (1985), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) with elicitor preparations from the fungus, Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, resulted in coordinated, sequential changes in the transcription rates, mRNA amounts and translational activities, and the catalytic activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase. In contrast to previous observations (Kuhn et al. 1984, Chappell and Hahlbrock 1984), the coordination included the timing of changes in transcription rates and mRNA amounts if a different elicitor preparation or a different cell culture was used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269881
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of phytoalexins and other putative defense-related substances in uninfected parsley plants (1987)
    Springer
    Planta 171 (1987), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Furanocoumarin ; ‘Pathogenesis-related’ protein ; Petroselinum ; Phenylpropanoid metabolism ; Phytophthora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Considerable amounts of the following substances were found in uninfected parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cotyledons: furanocoumarins, the putative phytoalexins of this and some related plant species, two enzymes of the furanocoumarin pathway (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: xanthotoxol and S-adenosyl-L-methionine: bergaptol O-methyltransferases), two hydrolytic enzymes (1,3-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.39, and chitinase, EC 3.2.1.14), and ‘pathogenesis-related’ proteins. The furanocoumarins and the methyltransferase activities reached their highest levels at the onset of cotyledon senescence as the hydrolytic enzymes increased from low to relatively high activity values. The relative amounts of pathogenesis-related proteins 1 and 2, as well as the corresponding mRNAs, also increased markedly. Two enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase, decreased in activity in a biphasic fashion during cotyledon development. At all developmental stages, the levels of these putative defense-related agents in total cotyledon extracts were too high to enable detection of, possibly, additional changes upon infection with zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, a fungal pathogen to which parsley shows a non-host, hypersensitive resistance response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391105
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of barley aleurone cells: temporal and spatial patterns of accumulation of cell-specific mRNAs (1990)
    Springer
    Planta 181 (1990), S. 462-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid and mRNA accumulation ; Aleurone ; Embryo development ; Hordeum (mRNA in aleurone) ; mRNA (cell specific accumulation)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms underlying the response of the mature barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layer to gibberellic acid have received much attention, but little is known about the developmental basis for this response. We have investigated the spatial and temporal accumulation of mRNAs complementary to two barleygrain cDNAs that are differentially expressed in the aleurone layer of the developing endosperm. Messenger RNA complementary to one of these clones (B11E; Jakobsen etal., 1989, Plant Mol. Biol. 12, 285–293) accumulates exclusively in the aleurone layer of developing grains where it is uniformly distributed in all three cell layers. Accumulation of B11E mRNA is first detectable 10 d post an thesis (DPA), increases 200-fold up to 25 DPA, and then declines towards grain maturity. Messenger RNA complementary to the other clone, B22E, shows a more complex pattern of expression. In addition to the aleurone layer, this mRNA accumulates in the vascular tissue of the maternal pericarp and embryo axis, as well as in the parenchyma cells of the embryonic scutellum. In excised immature embryos abscisic acid strongly suppresses accumulation of B22E mRNA. The B22E transcript is absent from mature embryos, but rapidly reappears after germination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192998
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desiccation leads to the rapid accumulation of both cytosolic and chloroplastic proteins in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 189 (1993), S. 120-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Chloroplast protein ; Desication-related polypeptide ; Resurrection plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of desiccation-related and abscisic-acid (ABA)-inducible transcripts have been isolated from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum (Scrophulariaceae). They have been analysed at the transcriptional level (D. Bartels et al., 1990, Planta 181, 27–34) and their nucleotide sequences determined (D. Piatkowski et al., 1990, Plant Physiol. 94, 1682–1688). Three such genes encoded polypeptides with substantial homologies to proteins abundantly expressed during late embryogenesis in many higher plants; two other genes encoded novel transcripts. The temporal expression patterns of these gene products and their distribution in different organs of the plant and in callus tissues have now been analysed immunologically. For this, in-situ RNA hybridizations and immunocytochemical studies using tissue sections were carried out at both the light and electron microscope level. All of the products were found to be present in leaf tissue, and some were also found in roots and in seeds. Three desiccation-related proteins were localized in the cytosol, while two others, one associated with the thylakoid membranes, the other soluble in the stroma, were detected in the chloroplast. In C. plantagineum the severe ultrastructural changes observed during the desiccation-rehydration process indicate the need for protectants: the gene products characterized in this publication may be good candidates for this role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201352
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible cytoplasmic rearrangements precede wall apposition, hypersensitive cell death and defense-related gene activation in potato/Phytophthora infestans interactions (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 194 (1994), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Defense-related genes ; Hypersensitive cell death ; In situ hybridization ; Late blight ; Wall apposition ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used video microscopy techniques as a tool for live examination of the dynamic aspects of plant/fungus interactions. Early, dynamic responses of epidermal midrib cells of leaves from a potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Datura) carrying resistance gene R1 to Phytophthora infestans (race 1: compatible interaction, race 4: incompatible interaction) were monitored. Similar responses were observed in both types of interaction, ranging from no visible reaction of invaded plant cells to hypersensitive cell death. The overall defense response of each individual cell exhibited a highly dynamic behavior that appeared to be tightly coordinated with the growth of the fungus. Initial localized reactions, including major rearrangements within the cytoplasm, occurred directly at the fungal penetration site, where rapid apposition of autofluorescent material and callose took place. If fungal invasion stopped at this stage, the host cell restored its normal cytoplasmic activity and survived. Hypersensitive cell death occurred only when fungal growth had proceeded to the formation of a clearly identifiable haustorium. In such cases, cytoplasm and nucleus conglomerated around the intracellular fungal structure, followed by a sudden collapse of the whole conglomerate and an instantaneous collapse of the fungal haustorium. Only small quantitative differences between the compatible and incompatible interactions of the two fungal races were observed for these early responses of epidermal cells. In the incompatible interaction, a slightly larger number of epidermal cells responded to fungal attack. More pronounced quantitative differences between compatible and incompatible interactions occurred upon fungal invasion of the mesophyll. These differences in the number of responding cells were not reflected at the level of gene expression: the spatial and temporal activation patterns of two defense-related genes, encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pathogenesis-related protein 1, were similar in both types of interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201043
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary structure and expression of acidic (class II) chitinase in potato (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 749-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: fungal elicitor ; gene expression ; pathogenesis-related protein ; Phytophthora infestans ; pathogen defense ; salicylic acid ; stress response ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infection of potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaves by the late blight fungus Phytophthora infestans or treatment with fungal elicitor leads to a strong increase in chitinase activity. We isolated cDNAs encoding acidic (class II) chitinases (ChtA) from potato leaves and determined their structures and expression patterns in healthy and stressed plants. From the total number of cDNAs and the complexity of genomic DNA blots we conclude that acidic chitinase in potato is encoded by a gene family which is considerably smaller than that encoding basic (class I) chitinase (ChtB). The deduced amino acid sequences show 78 to 96% identity to class II chitinases from related plant species (tomato, tobacco) whereas the identity to basic chitinases of potato is in the range of 60%. RNA blot analysis revealed that both acidic and basic chitinases were strongly induced by infection or elicitor treatment and that the induction occurred both locally at the site of infection and systemically in upper uninfected leaves. In contrast, a differential response to other types of stress was observed. Acidic chitinase mRNA was strongly induced by salicylic acid, whereas basic chitinase mRNA was induced by ethylene or wounding. In healthy, untreated plants, acidic chitinase mRNA accumulated also in an organ-, cell-type- and development-specific manner as revealed by RNA blot analysis and in situ RNA hybridization. Relatively high transcript levels were observed in old leaves and young internodes as well as in vascular tissue and cells constituting the stomatal complex in leaves and petioles. Lower, but appreciable mRNA levels were also detectable in roots and various flower organs, particularly in sepals and stamens. The possible implications of these findings in pathogen defense, development and growth processes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005830706507
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A distinct member of the basic (class I) chitinase gene family in potato is specifically expressed in epidermal cells (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 1137-1151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: infection ; fungal elicitor ; pathogenesis-related protein ; Phytophthora infestans ; plant defense ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated cDNA clones encoding class I chitinase (ChtC) from potato leaves which share a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity to other, previously described basic (class I) chitinases (ChtB) from potato. Despite this similarity, characteristic features distinguish ChtC from ChtB, including an extended proline-rich linker region between the hevein and catalytic domains and presence of a potential glycosylation site (NDT) in the deduced protein. These differences are in accordance with the properties of purified chitinase C which is glycosylated and hence has a higher molecular mass in comparison to chitinase B. In contrast to the coding sequences, the 3′-untranslated regions of ChtC and ChtB exhibited a low degree of similarity, which allowed us to generate gene-specific probes to study the genomic organization and expression of both types of gene. Genomic DNA blots suggest that ChtC and ChtB are each encoded by one or two genes per haploid genome. RNA blot analysis showed that in healthy potato plants ChtC mRNA is most abundant in young leaves, the organs which also contain high levels of chitinase C. By contrast, ChtB mRNA abundance is highest in old leaves, which accumulate chitinase B. By in situ RNA hybridization with gene-specific probes we could demonstrate that ChtC mRNA in leaves is restricted to epidermal cells, whereas ChtB mRNA showed no distinct pattern of cell-type-specific localization. Infection of potato leaves with Phytophthora infestans, or treatment with fungal elicitor, ethylene, or wounding resulted in accumulation of both ChtC and ChtB mRNAs; however, for ChtC, in contrast to ChtB, no corresponding accumulation of the encoded protein could be detected, suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism of regulation. Salicylic acid treatment did not induce accumulation of either mRNA. The possible functional implications of these findings for pathogen defence and developmental processes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006178425803
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An epidermis/papilla-specific oxalate oxidase-like protein in the defence response of barley attacked by the powdery mildew fungus (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: epidermis ; germin ; H2O2 ; oxalate oxidase ; papilla ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone of a defence response transcript was isolated from a library prepared from barley leaves expressing papilla resistance towards the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria (syn. Erysiphe) graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). The 904 bp sequence encodes a 229 amino acid polypeptide with a putative signal peptide of 23 amino acids. After cleavage, the protein has a mass of 22.3 kDa and exhibits up to 60% amino acid identity to certain dicot proteins, and 46% amino acid identity to barley oxalate oxidase; therefore we designated it HvOxOLP (for Hordeum vulgare oxalate oxidase-like protein). Single-base substitutions among several cDNA and RACE clones demonstrate a gene of many copies. Both the transcript and protein accumulate from 3 h after inoculation with Bgh. The transcript level peaks at 18–24 h and subsequently decreases, whereas the protein level is stable from 24 h after inoculation. The accumulation patterns are independent of the outcome of the barley/powdery mildew interaction, unlike that of PR proteins, for example. The transcript accumulates specifically in the inoculated epidermal tissue. This temporal and spatial expression pattern suggests a very close relationship to papilla formation. Immunoblot analyses have facilitated a demonstration that HvOxOLP, like oxalate oxidase, is a water-soluble 100 kDa oligomeric protein. The oligomer is heat-stable and SDS-tolerant, and it can be denatured into a 25 kDa monomer. Attempts to demonstrate oxalate oxidase activity for this protein have failed. However, the relationships to oxalate oxidase suggests that HvOxOLP may be involved in H2O2 generation necessary for, for example, cross-linking of cell wall components during formation of papillae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005955119326
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