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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization behavior of carboxylic monomers in the preparation of carboxylated latexes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2583-2587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200929
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of cationic polystyrene latexes in the absence of emulsifiers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1725-1733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Preparation of cationic polystyrene latexes has been investigated in the absence of emulsifiers. It is clarified that a stable latex can be obtained by using 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride as initiator (initiator process). The latex seems to be stabilized with the fragments of the initiator chemically bound to the surface of particles. More stable latexes can be obtained by copolymerizing cationic monomers such as dialkyl aminoethyl methacrylates (copolymerization process). The stability of these latexes may predominantly be attributed to cationic monomers chemically bound to the surface of particles. Stable latexes with high solids content can be obtained by using the two-step polymerization technique in the copolymerization process. The particle formation process in the initiator process and the copolymerization process is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200701
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of carboxylated isoprene/styrene copolymer latexes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1735-1744 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carboxylated isoprene/styrene copolymer latexes were prepared, and the concentration of surface carboxyl groups and the freeze-thaw stability of these latexes were measured. It is clarified that the introduction method of the carboxylic monomer governs the distribution of carboxyl groups in latex particles. Introduction of the carboxylic monomer prior to the initiation of polymerization localizes only 12-13% of total carboxyl groups on the surface of particles, whereas introduction of the carboxylic monomer at the last stage of polymerization localizes more than 60% of total carboxyl groups on the surface of particles, though the percentage is strongly dependent on the conversion when the monomers are shot. These latexes show a remarkable increase in the freeze-thaw stability with the increase in the degree of neutralization of surface carboxyl groups in a fairly narrow range. There exists a linear relationship between the surface area occupied by a surface carboxyl group and the degree of neutralization of surface carboxyl groups at which the remarkable increase in the freeze-thaw stability is observed. The result suggests that the freeze-thaw stability is substantially determined by the density of carboxylate ion on the surface of particles.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200702
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of soap-free carboxylated polystyrene latexes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1745-1752 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Soap-free carboxylated polystyrene latexes have been prepared by copolymerizing carboxylic monomers in a wide range of degree of neutralization using a slight amout of soap. In this polymerization system, the formation of particles seems to be explained by the precipitation of growing radicals formed in the aqueous phase. The degree of neutralization of carboxylic monomers has a great effect on the formation of particles, which may be attributed to a change in the hydrophilic nature of growing radicals formed in aqueous phase that governs the number and uniformity of particles. The number of particles increases remarkably with increasing the amount of soap to some extent, which may be attributed to the stabilization of primary particles formed by the precipitation of growing radicals with the adsorption of soap. The localization of carboxyl groups on the surface of particles seems to be governed by the electrostatic repulsion between carboxyl groups. The surface area occupied by a surface carboxyl group, however, is fairly small irrespective of the degree of neutralization of carboxylic monomers or the amount of soap, which indicates that the latexes are sufficiently stabilized with surface carboxyl groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200703
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of surface basic groups in cationic polystyrene latexes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 3133-3140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Basic groups chemically bound to the surface of particles (surface basic groups) in cationic polystyrene latexes prepared by using 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride as initiator (initiator process) or by copolymerizing dialky aminoethyl methacrylates (copolymerization process) have been determined. It is clarified that in the initiator process amidino endgroups of polymers are effectively localized on the surface of particles and the latex is sufficiently stabilized with surface amidino groups. In the copolymerization process, the neutralized form of dialkylaminoethyl methacrylates is preferably localized on the surface of particles and the latex is sufficiently stabilized with surface amino groups. A particle formation process in both cases has been proposed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070201117
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation behavior of isoprene/styrene copolymer and butadiene/styrene copolymer (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2811-2819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation behavior of emulsion isoprene/styrene copolymer (SIR) and emulsion butadiene/styrene copolymer (SBR) by heat aging of ultraviolet irradiation in air has been investigated from the change of gel fraction, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight distribution, and mechanical properties. Upon oxidation by heat aging, SIR predominantly undergoes chain scission and shows only a slight change of mechanical properties, whereas SBR predominantly undergoes crosslinking and sharply becomes brittle. Upon oxidation by ultraviolet irradiation, SIR undergoes both chain scission and crosslinking and shows almost no substantial change in mechanical properties, whereas SBR predominantly undergoes crosslinking and sharply becomes brittle. The probability ratio of chain scission to crosslinking with oxidation by heat aging or ultraviolet irradiation was determined by the method of Charlesby et al. The results can reasonably explain the oxidation behavior of the copolymers described above.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070201015
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of particles in the preparation of carboxylated polystyrene latexes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 3255-3263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carboxylated polystyrene latexes have been prepared by copolymerizing acrylic acid at the appropriate degree of neutralization in the absence or presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the particle formation process was investigated from the number and uniformity of particles. In the absence of SDS or in a concentration range of SDS lower than 6.41 mmole/l., the formation of particles can predominantly be attributed to the precipitation of growing radicals formed in the aqueous phase; whereas in a concentration range of SDS higher than 6.41 mmole/l., the formation of particles can predominantly be attributed to the initiation of polymerization in the interior of SDS micelles containing solubilized styrene by the collision of growing radicals formed in the aqueous phase. In the former range, the number of particles increases linearly with increasing concentration of SDS below the critical concentration of 1.60 mmole/l., which is sufficient to stabilize particles formed by the precipitation of growing radicals, and remains constant above the critical concentration. The effect of initiator concentration as well as amount of styrene on the formation of particles also supports the particle formation process described above.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070201207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the hydrophilic nature of growing radicals on the formation of particles in the preparation of soap-free carboxylated polystyrene latexes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 3265-3274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Soap-free carboxylated polystyrene latexes have been prepared by copolymerizing acrylic acid (AA) in a wide range of degree of neutralization using a slight amount of soap, and the particle formation process was investigated from the number and uniformity of particles. It was found that the degree of neutralization of AA as well as the amount of AA have a great effect on the formation of particles. On the basis of the calculation results of the composition of the growing radical formed in the aqueous phase at the initial stage of the polymerization, the results can reasonable be explained by a change in the hydrophilic nature of growing radicals formed in the aqueous phase at the initial stage of the polymerization, the results can reasonably be explained by a change in the hydrophilic nature of growing radicals which are formed in the aqueous phase and precipitate out to form particles. It was also established that the introduction of α-methylstyrene or methyl methacrylate has a great effect on the formation of particles, which is consistent with the above-described considerations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070201208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation behavior of isoprene polymers and butadiene polymers (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 981-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation behavior of cis-1,4-polyisoprene, emulsion polyisoprene, emulsion isoprene/styrene copolymers, and emulsion butadiene/styrene copolymers by heat aging or ultraviolet irradiation has been investigated from the change of gel fraction and molecular weight distribution. It was determined that the oxidation behavior of both isoprene and butadiene polymers is strongly dependent on the composition of the polymers as well as on the microstructure of the polymers. In the case of oxidation by heat aging, the probability ratio of chain scission to crosslinking of both isoprene and butadiene copolymers increases gradually with increasing styrene fraction. In the case of oxidation by ultraviolet irradiation, isoprene copolymers show a remarkable increase in the probability ratio of chain scission to crosslinking, whereas butadiene copolymers show substantially no change with increase in styrene fraction. It was also demonstrated that both isoprene and butadiene polymers show a greater tendency for crosslinking with oxidation by ultraviolet irradiation than with oxidation by heat aging.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210412
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for the determination of surface basic groups in cationic polystyrene latexes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 1009-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method for the determination of basic groups chemically bound to the surface of particles (surface basic groups) in cationic polystyrene latexes has been investigated. It is clarified that surface basic groups such as amidino groups resulting from 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride used as initiator and amino groups resulting from dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate copolymerized can be determined accurately by the following method. First, latexes are cleaned and surface basic groups are converted into unneutralized from by ion exchange; then, latexes are titrated conductometrically with strong acid. By this method, however, surface amidino groups and surface amino groups cannot be determined separately.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210415
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