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  • 1
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    Orbital forcing of the East Antarctic ice sheet during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene (2014)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: Nature Geoscience 7, 841 (2014). doi:10.1038/ngeo2273 Authors: M. O. Patterson, R. McKay, T. Naish, C. Escutia, F. J. Jimenez-Espejo, M. E. Raymo, S. R. Meyers, L. Tauxe, H. Brinkhuis, A. Klaus, A. Fehr, J. A. P. Bendle, P. K. Bijl, S. M. Bohaty, S. A. Carr, R. B. Dunbar, J. A. Flores, J. J. Gonzalez, T. G. Hayden, M. Iwai, K. Katsuki, G. S. Kong, M. Nakai, M. P. Olney, S. Passchier, S. F. Pekar, J. Pross, C. R. Riesselman, U. Röhl, T. Sakai, P. K. Shrivastava, C. E. Stickley, S. Sugasaki, S. Tuo, T. van de Flierdt, K. Welsh, T. Williams & M. Yamane
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Transient Middle Eocene atmospheric CO(2) and temperature variations (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: The long-term warmth of the Eocene (~56 to 34 million years ago) is commonly associated with elevated partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO(2)). However, a direct relationship between the two has not been established for short-term climate perturbations. We reconstructed changes in both pCO(2) and temperature over an episode of transient global warming called the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 million years ago). Organic molecular paleothermometry indicates a warming of southwest Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) by 3 degrees to 6 degrees C. Reconstructions of pCO(2) indicate a concomitant increase by a factor of 2 to 3. The marked consistency between SST and pCO(2) trends during the MECO suggests that elevated pCO(2) played a major role in global warming during the MECO.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bijl, Peter K -- Houben, Alexander J P -- Schouten, Stefan -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Sluijs, Appy -- Reichart, Gert-Jan -- Sinninghe Damste, Jaap S -- Brinkhuis, Henk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):819-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1193654.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomarine Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands. p.k.bijl@uu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The role of carbon dioxide during the onset of Antarctic glaciation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: Earth's modern climate, characterized by polar ice sheets and large equator-to-pole temperature gradients, is rooted in environmental changes that promoted Antarctic glaciation ~33.7 million years ago. Onset of Antarctic glaciation reflects a critical tipping point for Earth's climate and provides a framework for investigating the role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) during major climatic change. Previously published records of alkenone-based CO(2) from high- and low-latitude ocean localities suggested that CO(2) increased during glaciation, in contradiction to theory. Here, we further investigate alkenone records and demonstrate that Antarctic and subantarctic data overestimate atmospheric CO(2) levels, biasing long-term trends. Our results show that CO(2) declined before and during Antarctic glaciation and support a substantial CO(2) decrease as the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation, consistent with model-derived CO(2) thresholds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagani, Mark -- Huber, Matthew -- Liu, Zhonghui -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Henderiks, Jorijntje -- Sijp, Willem -- Krishnan, Srinath -- DeConto, Robert M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 2;334(6060):1261-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1203909.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. mark.pagani@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22144622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-31
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate are regulated on geological timescales by the balance between carbon input from volcanic and metamorphic outgassing and its removal by weathering feedbacks; these feedbacks involve the erosion of silicate rocks and organic-carbon-bearing rocks. The integrated effect of these processes is reflected in the calcium carbonate compensation depth, which is the oceanic depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved. Here we present a carbonate accumulation record that covers the past 53 million years from a depth transect in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The carbonate compensation depth tracks long-term ocean cooling, deepening from 3.0-3.5 kilometres during the early Cenozoic (approximately 55 million years ago) to 4.6 kilometres at present, consistent with an overall Cenozoic increase in weathering. We find large superimposed fluctuations in carbonate compensation depth during the middle and late Eocene. Using Earth system models, we identify changes in weathering and the mode of organic-carbon delivery as two key processes to explain these large-scale Eocene fluctuations of the carbonate compensation depth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palike, Heiko -- Lyle, Mitchell W -- Nishi, Hiroshi -- Raffi, Isabella -- Ridgwell, Andy -- Gamage, Kusali -- Klaus, Adam -- Acton, Gary -- Anderson, Louise -- Backman, Jan -- Baldauf, Jack -- Beltran, Catherine -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Bown, Paul -- Busch, William -- Channell, Jim E T -- Chun, Cecily O J -- Delaney, Margaret -- Dewangan, Pawan -- Dunkley Jones, Tom -- Edgar, Kirsty M -- Evans, Helen -- Fitch, Peter -- Foster, Gavin L -- Gussone, Nikolaus -- Hasegawa, Hitoshi -- Hathorne, Ed C -- Hayashi, Hiroki -- Herrle, Jens O -- Holbourn, Ann -- Hovan, Steve -- Hyeong, Kiseong -- Iijima, Koichi -- Ito, Takashi -- Kamikuri, Shin-ichi -- Kimoto, Katsunori -- Kuroda, Junichiro -- Leon-Rodriguez, Lizette -- Malinverno, Alberto -- Moore, Ted C Jr -- Murphy, Brandon H -- Murphy, Daniel P -- Nakamura, Hideto -- Ogane, Kaoru -- Ohneiser, Christian -- Richter, Carl -- Robinson, Rebecca -- Rohling, Eelco J -- Romero, Oscar -- Sawada, Ken -- Scher, Howie -- Schneider, Leah -- Sluijs, Appy -- Takata, Hiroyuki -- Tian, Jun -- Tsujimoto, Akira -- Wade, Bridget S -- Westerhold, Thomas -- Wilkens, Roy -- Williams, Trevor -- Wilson, Paul A -- Yamamoto, Yuhji -- Yamamoto, Shinya -- Yamazaki, Toshitsugu -- Zeebe, Richard E -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):609-14. doi: 10.1038/nature11360.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. hpaelike@marum.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22932385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Calcium Carbonate/*analysis ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Diatoms/metabolism ; Foraminifera/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Global Warming/history/statistics & numerical data ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Marine Biology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-04
    Description: The warmest global climates of the past 65 million years occurred during the early Eocene epoch (about 55 to 48 million years ago), when the Equator-to-pole temperature gradients were much smaller than today and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were in excess of one thousand parts per million by volume. Recently the early Eocene has received considerable interest because it may provide insight into the response of Earth's climate and biosphere to the high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that are expected in the near future as a consequence of unabated anthropogenic carbon emissions. Climatic conditions of the early Eocene 'greenhouse world', however, are poorly constrained in critical regions, particularly Antarctica. Here we present a well-dated record of early Eocene climate on Antarctica from an ocean sediment core recovered off the Wilkes Land coast of East Antarctica. The information from biotic climate proxies (pollen and spores) and independent organic geochemical climate proxies (indices based on branched tetraether lipids) yields quantitative, seasonal temperature reconstructions for the early Eocene greenhouse world on Antarctica. We show that the climate in lowland settings along the Wilkes Land coast (at a palaeolatitude of about 70 degrees south) supported the growth of highly diverse, near-tropical forests characterized by mesothermal to megathermal floral elements including palms and Bombacoideae. Notably, winters were extremely mild (warmer than 10 degrees C) and essentially frost-free despite polar darkness, which provides a critical new constraint for the validation of climate models and for understanding the response of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems to increased carbon dioxide forcing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pross, Jorg -- Contreras, Lineth -- Bijl, Peter K -- Greenwood, David R -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Schouten, Stefan -- Bendle, James A -- Rohl, Ursula -- Tauxe, Lisa -- Raine, J Ian -- Huck, Claire E -- van de Flierdt, Tina -- Jamieson, Stewart S R -- Stickley, Catherine E -- van de Schootbrugge, Bas -- Escutia, Carlota -- Brinkhuis, Henk -- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 318 Scientists -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 2;488(7409):73-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhoferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany. joerg.pross@em.uni-frankfurt.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Cell Respiration ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect/*history ; History, Ancient ; Human Activities ; Lipids/analysis ; Models, Theoretical ; Photosynthesis ; Pollen ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seasons ; Spores/isolation & purification ; *Temperature ; Trees/growth & development ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Reorganization of Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem at the onset of Antarctic glaciation (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: The circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean is an important region for global marine food webs and carbon cycling because of sea-ice formation and its unique plankton ecosystem. However, the mechanisms underlying the installation of this distinct ecosystem and the geological timing of its development remain unknown. Here, we show, on the basis of fossil marine dinoflagellate cyst records, that a major restructuring of the Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem occurred abruptly and concomitant with the first major Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene (~33.6 million years ago). This turnover marks a regime shift in zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions and community structure, which indicates the appearance of eutrophic and seasonally productive environments on the Antarctic margin. We conclude that earliest Oligocene cooling, ice-sheet expansion, and subsequent sea-ice formation were important drivers of biotic evolution in the Southern Ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houben, Alexander J P -- Bijl, Peter K -- Pross, Jorg -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Passchier, Sandra -- Stickley, Catherine E -- Rohl, Ursula -- Sugisaki, Saiko -- Tauxe, Lisa -- van de Flierdt, Tina -- Olney, Matthew -- Sangiorgi, Francesca -- Sluijs, Appy -- Escutia, Carlota -- Brinkhuis, Henk -- Expedition 318 Scientists -- Dotti, Carlota Escutia -- Klaus, Adam -- Fehr, Annick -- Williams, Trevor -- Bendle, James A P -- Carr, Stephanie A -- Dunbar, Robert B -- Flores, Jose-Abel -- Gonzalez, Jhon J -- Hayden, Travis G -- Iwai, Masao -- Jimenez-Espejo, Francisco J -- Katsuki, Kota -- Kong, Gee Soo -- McKay, Robert M -- Nakai, Mutsumi -- Pekar, Stephen F -- Riesselman, Christina -- Sakai, Toyosaburo -- Salzmann, Ulrich -- Shrivastava, Prakash K -- Tuo, Shouting -- Welsh, Kevin -- Yamane, Masako -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):341-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1223646.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands. Alexander.Houben@TNO.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Cold Temperature ; Dinoflagellida/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; *Ice Cover ; *Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Zooplankton/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Antarctic Ice Sheet variability across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-02
    Description: About 34 million years ago, Earth's climate cooled and an ice sheet formed on Antarctica as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) fell below ~750 parts per million (ppm). Sedimentary cycles from a drill core in the western Ross Sea provide direct evidence of orbitally controlled glacial cycles between 34 million and 31 million years ago. Initially, under atmospheric CO2 levels of 〉/=600 ppm, a smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), restricted to the terrestrial continent, was highly responsive to local insolation forcing. A more stable, continental-scale ice sheet calving at the coastline did not form until ~32.8 million years ago, coincident with the earliest time that atmospheric CO2 levels fell below ~600 ppm. Our results provide insight into the potential of the AIS for threshold behavior and have implications for its sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentrations above present-day levels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galeotti, Simone -- DeConto, Robert -- Naish, Timothy -- Stocchi, Paolo -- Florindo, Fabio -- Pagani, Mark -- Barrett, Peter -- Bohaty, Steven M -- Lanci, Luca -- Pollard, David -- Sandroni, Sonia -- Talarico, Franco M -- Zachos, James C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 1;352(6281):76-80. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0669. Epub 2016 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Universita degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo," 61029 Urbino, Italy. simone.galeotti@uniurb.it. ; Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. ; Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. ; NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, and Utrecht University, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. ; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy. ; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. ; Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. ; Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Universita degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo," 61029 Urbino, Italy. ; Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA. ; Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Universita degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. ; Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Universita degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Universita degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. ; Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27034370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Chronostratigraphic framework for the IODP Expedition 318 cores from the Wilkes Land Margin: Constraints for paleoceanographic reconstruction (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-28
    Description: The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 318 to the Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica recovered a sedimentary succession ranging in age from lower Eocene to the Holocene. Excellent stratigraphic control is key to understanding the timing of paleoceanographic events through critical climate intervals. Drill sites recovered the lower and middle Eocene, nearly the entire Oligocene, the Miocene from about 17 Ma, the entire Pliocene and much of the Pleistocene. The paleomagnetic properties are generally suitable for magnetostratigraphic interpretation, with well-behaved demagnetization diagrams, uniform distribution of declinations, and a clear separation into two inclination modes. Although the sequences were discontinuously recovered with many gaps due to coring, and there are hiatuses from sedimentary and tectonic processes, the magnetostratigraphic patterns are in general readily interpretable. Our interpretations are integrated with the diatom, radiolarian, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) biostratigraphy. The magnetostratigraphy significantly improves the resolution of the chronostratigraphy, particularly in intervals with poor biostratigraphic control. However, Southern Ocean records with reliable magnetostratigraphies are notably scarce, and the data reported here provide an opportunity for improved calibration of the biostratigraphic records. In particular, we provide a rare magnetostratigraphic calibration for dinocyst biostratigraphy in the Paleogene and a substantially improved diatom calibration for the Pliocene. This paper presents the stratigraphic framework for future paleoceanographic proxy records which are being developed for the Wilkes Land margin cores. It further provides tight constraints on the duration of regional hiatuses inferred from seismic surveys of the region.
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum: Crossing a Thermal Threshold in Earth's Climate System? (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-28
    Description: Recognizing and deciphering transient global warming events triggered by massive release of carbon into Earth's ocean-atmosphere climate system in the past are important for understanding climate under elevated pCO 2 conditions. Here we present new high-resolution geochemical records including benthic foraminiferal stable isotope data with clear evidence of a short-lived (30 kyr) warming event at 41.52 Ma. The event occurs in the late Lutetian within magnetochron C19r and is characterized by a ∼2°C warming of the deep ocean in the southern South Atlantic. The magnitudes of the carbon and oxygen isotope excursions of the Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum (LLTM) are comparable to the H2 event (53.6 Ma) suggesting a similar response of the climate system to carbon cycle perturbations even in an already relatively cooler climate several million years after the Early Eocene Climate Optimum. Coincidence of the event with exceptionally high insolation values in the Northern Hemisphere at 41.52 Ma might indicate that Earth's climate system has a thermal threshold. When this tipping point is crossed, rapid positive feedback mechanisms potentially trigger transient global warming. The orbital configuration in this case could have caused prolonged warm and dry season leading to a massive release of terrestrial carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system initiating environmental change.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Symbiont 'bleaching' in planktic foraminifera during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-27
    Description: Many genera of modern planktic foraminifera are adapted to nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) surface waters by hosting photosynthetic symbionts, but it is unknown how they will respond to future changes in ocean temperature and acidity. Here we show that ca. 40 Ma, some fossil photosymbiont-bearing planktic foraminifera were temporarily ‘bleached’ of their symbionts coincident with transient global warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO). At Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 748 and 1051 (Southern Ocean and mid-latitude North Atlantic, respectively), the typically positive relationship between the size of photosymbiont-bearing planktic foraminifer tests and their carbon isotope ratios ( 13 C) was temporarily reduced for ~100 k.y. during the peak of the MECO. At the same time, the typically photosymbiont-bearing planktic foraminifera Acarinina suffered transient reductions in test size and relative abundance, indicating ecological stress. The coincidence of minimum 18 O values and reduction in test size– 13 C gradients suggests a link between increased sea-surface temperatures and bleaching during the MECO, although changes in pH and nutrient availability may also have played a role. Our findings show that host-photosymbiont interactions are not constant through geological time, with implications for both the evolution of trophic strategies in marine plankton and the reliability of geochemical proxy records generated from symbiont-bearing planktic foraminifera.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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