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  • 1
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    Woodland recovery following drought-induced tree mortality across an environmental stress gradient (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-06-21
    Beschreibung: Recent droughts and increasing temperatures have resulted in extensive tree mortality across the globe. Understanding the environmental controls on tree regeneration following these drought events will allow for better predictions of how these ecosystems may shift under a warmer, drier climate. Within the widely distributed piñon–juniper woodlands of the southwestern USA, a multiyear drought in 2002–2004 resulted in extensive adult piñon mortality and shifted adult woodland composition to a juniper-dominated, more savannah-type ecosystem. Here, we used pre- (1998–2001) and 10-year post- (2014) drought stand structure data of individually mapped trees at 42 sites to assess the effects of this drought on tree regeneration across a gradient of environmental stress. We found declines in piñon juvenile densities since the multiyear drought due to limited new recruitment and high (〉50%) juvenile mortality. This is in contrast to juniper juvenile densities, which increased over this time period. Across the landscape, piñon recruitment was positively associated with live adult piñon densities and soil available water capacity, likely due to their respective effects on seed and water availability. Juvenile piñon survival was strongly facilitated by certain types of nurse trees and shrubs. These nurse plants also moderated the effects of environmental stress on piñon survival: Survival of interspace piñon juveniles was positively associated with soil available water capacity, whereas survival of nursed piñon juveniles was negatively associated with perennial grass cover. Thus, nurse plants had a greater facilitative effect on survival at sites with higher soil available water capacity and perennial grass cover. Notably, mean annual climatic water deficit and elevation were not associated with piñon recruitment or survival across the landscape. Our findings reveal a clear shift in successional trajectories toward a more juniper-dominated woodland and highlight the importance of incorporating biotic interactions and soil properties into species distribution modeling approaches.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Digitale ISSN: 1365-2486
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Infection, inflammation and host carbohydrates: A Glyco-Evasion Hypothesis (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-26
    Beschreibung: Microbial immune evasion can be achieved through the expression, or mimicry, of host-like carbohydrates on the microbial cell surface to hide from detection. However, disparate reports collectively suggest that evasion could also be accomplished through the modulation of the host glycosylation pathways, a mechanism that we call the "Glyco-Evasion Hypothesis". Here, we will summarize the evidence in support of this paradigm by reviewing three separate bodies of work present in the literature. We review how infection and inflammation can lead to host glycosylation changes, how host glycosylation changes can increase susceptibility to infection and inflammation and how glycosylation impacts molecular and cellular function. Then, using these data as a foundation, we propose a unifying hypothesis in which microbial products can hijack host glycosylation to manipulate the immune response to the advantage of the pathogen. This model reveals areas of research that we believe could significantly improve our fight against infectious disease.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6658
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2423
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    Tau mutants bind tubulin with enhanced affinity [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-30
    Beschreibung: Tau is a microtubule binding protein that forms pathological aggregates in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Disease etiology is thought to arise from loss of native interactions between tau and microtubules, as well as from gain of toxicity tied to tau aggregation, although neither mechanism is well...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    Cohesins form chromosomal cis-interactions at the developmentally regulated IFNG locus (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-05-22
    Beschreibung: Cohesin-mediated sister chromatid cohesion is essential for chromosome segregation and post-replicative DNA repair. In addition, evidence from model organisms and from human genetics suggests that cohesin is involved in the control of gene expression. This non-canonical role has recently been rationalized by the findings that mammalian cohesin complexes are recruited to a subset of DNase I hypersensitive sites and to conserved noncoding sequences by the DNA-binding protein CTCF. CTCF functions at insulators (which control interactions between enhancers and promoters) and at boundary elements (which demarcate regions of distinct chromatin structure), and cohesin contributes to its enhancer-blocking activity. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown, and the full spectrum of cohesin functions remains to be determined. Here we show that cohesin forms the topological and mechanistic basis for cell-type-specific long-range chromosomal interactions in cis at the developmentally regulated cytokine locus IFNG. Hence, the ability of cohesin to constrain chromosome topology is used not only for the purpose of sister chromatid cohesion, but also to dynamically define the spatial conformation of specific loci. This new aspect of cohesin function is probably important for normal development and disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869028/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869028/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hadjur, Suzana -- Williams, Luke M -- Ryan, Natalie K -- Cobb, Bradley S -- Sexton, Tom -- Fraser, Peter -- Fisher, Amanda G -- Merkenschlager, Matthias -- G0900491/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G117/530/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U120027516/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1200(U.1200)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 16;460(7253):410-3. doi: 10.1038/nature08079. Epub 2009 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/*metabolism ; Chromosomes/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/*genetics ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Reversal of neurological defects in a mouse model of Rett syndrome (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2007-02-10
    Beschreibung: Rett syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder caused by mosaic expression of mutant copies of the X-linked MECP2 gene in neurons. However, neurons do not die, which suggests that this is not a neurodegenerative disorder. An important question for future therapeutic approaches to this and related disorders concerns phenotypic reversibility. Can viable but defective neurons be repaired, or is the damage done during development without normal MeCP2 irrevocable? Using a mouse model, we demonstrate robust phenotypic reversal, as activation of MeCP2 expression leads to striking loss of advanced neurological symptoms in both immature and mature adult animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guy, Jacky -- Gan, Jian -- Selfridge, Jim -- Cobb, Stuart -- Bird, Adrian -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 23;315(5815):1143-7. Epub 2007 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Chimera ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Targeting ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/*genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurons/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Rett Syndrome/*genetics/physiopathology/*therapy ; Synaptic Transmission ; Tamoxifen/pharmacology ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    Shox2 and adipose depots [Cell Biology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-07-10
    Beschreibung: Visceral and s.c. fat exhibit different intrinsic properties, including rates of lipolysis, and are associated with differential risk for the development of type 2 diabetes. These effects are in part related to cell autonomous differences in gene expression. In the present study, we show that expression of Shox2 (Short stature...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Minimum variability time-scales of long and short GRBs (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-05-26
    Beschreibung: We have investigated the time variations in the light curves from a sample of long and short Fermi /GBM gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) using an impartial wavelet analysis. The results indicate that in the source frame, the variability time-scales for long bursts differ from that for short bursts, variabilities of the order of a few milliseconds are not uncommon and an intriguing relationship exists between the minimum variability time and the burst duration.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Digitale ISSN: 1365-2966
    Thema: Physik
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Comparative transgenic analysis of enhancers from the human SHOX and mouse Shox2 genomic regions (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-07-03
    Beschreibung: Disruption of presumptive enhancers downstream of the human SHOX gene ( hSHOX ) is a frequent cause of the zeugopodal limb defects characteristic of Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD). The closely related mouse Shox2 gene ( mShox2 ) is also required for limb development, but in the more proximal stylopodium. In this study, we used transgenic mice in a comparative approach to characterize enhancer sequences in the hSHOX and mShox2 genomic regions. Among conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) that function as enhancers in vertebrate genomes, those that are maintained near paralogous genes are of particular interest given their ancient origins. Therefore, we first analyzed the regulatory potential of a genomic region containing one such duplicated CNE (dCNE) downstream of mShox2 and hSHOX . We identified a strong limb enhancer directly adjacent to the mShox2 dCNE that recapitulates the expression pattern of the endogenous gene. Interestingly, this enhancer requires sequences only conserved in the mammalian lineage in order to drive strong limb expression, whereas the more deeply conserved sequences of the dCNE function as a neural enhancer. Similarly, we found that a conserved element downstream of hSHOX (CNE9) also functions as a neural enhancer in transgenic mice. However, when the CNE9 transgenic construct was enlarged to include adjacent, non-conserved sequences frequently deleted in LWD patients, the transgene drove expression in the zeugopodium of the limbs. Therefore, both hSHOX and mShox2  limb enhancers are coupled to distinct neural enhancers. This is the first report demonstrating the activity of cis -regulatory elements from the hSHOX and mShox2 genomic regions in mammalian embryos.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2083
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Behavior and the Crustacean Molt Cycle: Changes in Aggression of Homarus americanus (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1978-04-07
    Beschreibung: The phase of the molt cycle affects dominance status and the performance of agonistic acts in individual juvenile lobsters (Homarus americanus). Lobsters in the midphase of proecdysis are more aggressive than those in intermolt; the latter are more aggressive than lobsters in early or late proecdysis and those in postecdysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tamm, G R -- Cobb, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Apr 7;200(4337):79-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17847333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    Prototype campaign assessment of disturbance-induced tree loss effects on surface properties for atmospheric modeling (2017)
    Wiley
    In: Ecosphere
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-23
    Beschreibung: Changes in large-scale vegetation structure triggered by processes such as deforestation, wildfires, and tree die-off alter surface structure, energy balance, and associated albedo—all critical for land surface models. Characterizing these properties usually requires long-term data, precluding characterization of rapid vegetation changes such as those increasingly occurring in the Anthropocene. Consequently, the characterization of rapid events is limited and only possible in a few specific areas. We use a campaign approach to characterize surface properties associated with vegetation structure. In our approach, a profiling LiDAR and hemispherical image analyses quantify vegetation structure and a portable mast instrumented with a net radiometer, wind–humidity–temperature stations in a vertical profile, and soil temperature–heat flux characterize surface properties. We illustrate the application of our approach in two forest types (boreal and semiarid) with disturbance-induced tree loss. Our prototype characterizes major structural changes associated with tree loss, changes in vertical wind profiles, surface roughness energy balance partitioning, a proxy for NDVI (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index), and albedo. Multi-day albedo estimates, which differed between control and disturbed areas, were similar to tower-based multi-year characterizations, highlighting the utility and potential of the campaign approach. Our prototype provides general characterization of surface and boundary-layer properties relevant for land surface models, strategically enabling preliminary characterization of rapid vegetation disturbance events.
    Digitale ISSN: 2150-8925
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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