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1

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Global and regional patterns in lotic meiofauna (2000)

Rundle, Simon D. ; Bilton, David T. ; Shiozawa, Dennis K.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Freshwater biology 44 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: 〈list style="custom"〉1Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to assess patterns in the distribution of harpacticoid copepods (all freshwater species and stream species only) at global and regional scales. These analyses provided a focus for reviewing large scale patterns and processes in freshwater meiofauna.2On a global scale, PAE suggested that large-scale biogeographical events have been most important in shaping present-day distributions in the Canthocamptidae. A small proportion (4%) of canthocamptid species were widespread (i.e. occurred in more than one biogegraphical region), suggesting that dispersal may also play a role in determining distribution at the species level. Global distribution patterns for other meiofauna suggest varying roles for dispersal and vicariant events. No consistent latitudinal trends in species diversity were evident, although a lack of distributional data for many regions, and uncertainty over the status of many cosmopolitan species, precludes more robust analyses. Molecular techniques should prove useful in identifying truly cosmopolitan taxa.3On a regional scale, a PAE within Western Europe demonstrated a clear link between the distribution of canthocamptid species and the extent of the Last (Wiechselian) glaciation. Northern and southern areas of Europe contain distinctive harpacticoid faunas and the recolonisation of northern Europe appears to have been from the Balkans rather than other Mediterranean peninsulae. The high harpacticoid diversity in southern Europe, may reflect a lack of glacial disruption of groundwater habitats.4A PAE of lotic data for harpacticoid copepods within the Holarctic reflected the global PAE for freshwater harpacticoids as a whole, but not the regional PAE. A high proportion of stream-dwelling harpacticoids are widespread species, but only one (Bryocamptus zschokkei) was found in streams across the Holarctic. Other cosmopolites were restricted to streams in Europe or North America, suggesting that species‘ niche requirements might differ among regions. There appeared to be some convergence in the composition of lotic copepod communities in terms of the number of species within genera.5We conclude that large-scale processes inevitably have a major influence on the local composition of lotic meiofaunal communities, but that the relative importance of small scale vs. large scale processes is unclear at present, largely due to a paucity of suitable data.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00593.x

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2

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Macroinvertebrate communities in streams in the Himalaya, Nepal (1993)

RUNDLE, SIMON D. ; JENKINS, ALAN ; ORMEROD, S.J.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Freshwater biology 30 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1 Macroinvertebrates were sampled in the riffles of fifty-eight streams from three regions of the Himalaya (Anapurna, Langtang and Everest) in Nepal. A semi-quantitative method with identification to family level was used to describe communities on-site.2 Stream physicochemistry was assessed and the community structure of macroinvertebrates was related to chemistry, physiography (substratum composition, altitude and size), geographical location and the dominant land use in each catchment (terraced agriculture, forest or scrub). Community data were analysed by ordination (DECORANA) and classification (TWINSPAN).3 The concentration of cations in stream water decreased significantly with altitude. Chemistry also differed between regions; sites from Anapurna had a higher pH and conductivity than those in the other two areas.4 Communities were dominated by aquatic insect larvae, with Ephemeroptera, in particular the Baetidae, most numerous across sites.5 There were, nevertheless, differences in community structure between sites, which were related closely to stream physicochemistry. Ordination scores were strongly correlated with altitude, magnesium concentration and substratum composition. Classification was also linked to altitude and chemistry, differentiating high-altitude sites with low silica concentrations from others. Sites from the Anapurna and Everest regions, with their contrasting chemistry, were also separated.6 Community structure was also related to land use: streams draining catchments dominated by terraced agriculture had different communities from those in scrub or forest. This result was confounded, however, by the strong relationship between land use, altitude and chemistry; sites in terracing were at lower altitude, had higher concentrations of silica and a higher proportion of fine sediments than those in the other land-use types.7 Overall, our data indicate that natural features of the relief and geology in the Himalaya create strong gradients in their invertebrate faunas, but that activities of man may have an effect on stream structure and ecology through catchment management.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00797.x

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3

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Genetic population structure and dispersal in Atlantic Island caddisflies (2002)

Kelly, Lucy C. ; Rundle, Simon D. ; Bilton, David T.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Freshwater biology 47 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: SUMMARY 1. Population genetic structure of Wormaldia tagananana, a caddis with a narrow geographic range and endemic to the Canary Islands, was investigated by studying allozyme variation at 11 putative loci in five of the eight extant populations on Tenerife and La Gomera. Genetic variability, population structure and gene flow were compared with those reported previously in more widespread Trichoptera, particularly Canarian populations of the non-endemic limnephilid Mesophylax aspersus, to examine the hypothesis that the Wormaldia, with its restricted range, would exhibit relatively little genetic variability and gene flow.2. Despite it being a narrow-range island endemic, genetic variability in populations of W. tagananana is broadly similar to values reported for more widespread caddis.3. Significant genetic population structure was observed in W. tagananana (overall FST = 0.387), greater than that seen in M. aspersus and amongst the highest reported for lotic caddis to date. Several site- and island-specific alleles were reported, providing further evidence for the relative isolation of individual Wormaldia populations.4. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were found in four of five populations (overall FIS = 0.675). This could result from within-locality population substructuring, or offspring within a reach being the product of a limited number of matings.5. This genetic evidence supports the hypothesis that the restricted range of W. tagananana is, at least in part, because of limited dispersal ability.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00912.x

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Micro-arthropod seasonally in streams of varying pH (1990)

RUNDLE, SIMON D.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Freshwater biology 24 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Micro-arthropods were sampled seasonally (January, May, August and October) during 1986 from ten, stony riffle sites on streams in the Ashdown Forest of southern England, using both standard benthic and interstitial samplers.2. Total densities peaked at most sites in summer. Species richness reached a maximum at acid sites in summer but at cireumneutral sites in autumn, when Hydrachnellae and Cladocera were particularly species rich.3. Individual species showed no obvious differences in seasonally between sites; the majority peaking in summer or autumn, regardless of pH. However, cyclopoid copepods were particularly numerous at acid sites in summer, a pattern not observed at circumneutral sites.4. Multivariate ordination and classification of data sets from the separate seasons, and all four seasons combined, showed that mean site pH, conductivity, and aluminium and calcium concentrations were the most important variables explaining between-site variation in species composition. This clear distinction between the community structure at acidic and circumneutral sites was evident in all seasons except winter. Species composition was also more predictable throughout the year at low-pH sites.5. A number of species were taken consistently in interstitial samples and the cyclopoids Diacydops languidus and D. languidoides were restricted to the hyporheos at circumneutral sites. The similar faunal composition of the hyporheos and the epibenthos indicated that the separation of these communities was not well defined in Ashdown Forest streams.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00303.x

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The distribution of micro-arthropods in some southern English streams: the influence of physicochemistry (1990)

RUNDLE, SIMON D. ; HILDREW, ALAN G.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Freshwater biology 23 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Micro-arthropods were surveyed during October 1986 at thirty stony, stream riffle sites in the Ashdown Forest, southern England.2. The importance of a number of physicochemical variables in determining both the distribution of micro-arthropod taxa and community structure was assessed.3. Acidic sites had an impoverished fauna. Total micro-arthropod species richness and densities were highest under circumneutral conditions. and the same patterns were shown by the Hydrachnellae, Harpucticoida and Cladocera. A number of species seemed indifferent to acidic conditions and were widespread and, as a group, the cyclopoid copepods showed no relationship with pH.4. Multiple regression showed that other environmental variables, in particular annual mean temperature and maximum discharge, were also important in explaining the between-site distribution of separate micro-arthropod groups and individual species.5. Other multivariate techniques (ordination, classification and multiple discriminant analysis) showed that impoundment linkage, source distance and conductivity, along with pH, were the most important variables in explaining patterns of species composition between sites.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00284.x

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6

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The net result: evaluating species richness extrapolation techniques for littoral pond invertebrates (2003)

Foggo, Andrew ; Rundle, Simon D. ; Bilton, David T.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Freshwater biology 48 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: 1. Total species richness for an assemblage or site is a valuable measure in conservation monitoring and assessment, but protocols for sampling and species richness determination in wetland habitats such as ponds, bogs or mires remain largely unrefined.2. Techniques for estimation of total richness of an assemblage based upon replicated sampling offer the opportunity to derive useful estimates of total richness based upon small numbers of samples, and limit sampling-derived disturbance which can be particularly problematic in small aquatic habitats.3. We quantified the performance of eight of the most commonly encountered estimators of species richness for a variety of littoral zone macrofauna from ponds, comparing estimated richness to maximum richness derived from sampling.4. Estimates using non-parametric techniques based on species incidence provided the most accurate and precise estimates. The estimators Chao 2 and incidence-based coverage estimator (ICE) from this category were reliable and consistent slight over-estimators; the abundance-based estimator Chao1 also performed well.5. Species inventory based on relatively small numbers of samples might be significantly improved by use of non-parametric estimators for quantification of species richness.6. Use of non-parametric estimators of species richness can assist biodiversity inventory by preventing erroneous rankings of habitat richness based upon observed species numbers from limited sampling.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01124.x

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Interactions between freshwater snails and tadpoles: competition and facilitation (1991)

Brönmark, Christer ; Rundle, Simon D. ; Erlandsson, Ann

Springer

Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 8-18

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Competition ; Facilitation ; Freshwater snails ; Tadpoles ; Ponds

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Freshwater snails and anuran tadpoles have been suggested to have their highest population densities in ponds of intermediate size where abiotic disturbance (e.g. desiccation) is low and large predators absent. Both snails and tadpoles feed on periphytic algae and, thus, there should be a large potential for competitive interactions to occur between these two distantly related taxa. In a field experiment we examined the relative strength of competition between two closely related snail species, Lymnaea stagnalis and L. peregra, and between L. stagnalis and tadpoles of the common frog, Rana temporaria. Snail growth and egg production and tadpole size at and time to metamorphosis were determined. Effects on the common food source, periphyton, were monitored with the aid of artificial substrates. Periphyton dry weight was dramatically reduced in the presence of snails and/or tadpoles. There were no competitive effects on growth or egg production of the two snail species when they were coexisting. Mortality of L. peregra was high (95%) after reproduction, but independent of treatment. Growth of L. stagnalis was reduced only at the highest tadpole densities, whereas egg production was reduced both by intraspecific competition and by competition with tadpoles. Differences in egg production were retained after tadpole metamorphosis. Tadpole larval period increased, weight of metamorphosing frogs decreased and growth rate was reduced as a function of increasing tadpole density. However, contrary to expectation, snails had a positive effect on tadpole larval period, weight and growth rate. Further, in experimental containers without snails there was a dense growth of the filamentous green alga Cladophora sp. We suggest that the facilitative effects of snails on tadpoles are due to an “indirect mutualistic” mechanism, involving competition between food sources of different quality (microalgae and Cladophora sp.) and tadpoles being competitively dominant over snails for the preferred food source (microalgae). In the presence of tadpoles snails will be forced to feed on low-quality Cladophora, increasing nutrient turnover rates, which results in enhanced productivity of microalgae, increasing tadpole food resources. Thus, tadpoles have a negative effect on snails through resource depression, while snails facilitate tadpole growth through an indirect enhancement of food availability.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323774

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