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Environmental mercury and arsenic sources in fossil hydrothermal systems, Northland, New Zealand (2000)

Craw, D. ; Chappell, D. ; Reay, A.

Springer

Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 875-887

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ISSN: 1432-0495

Keywords: Key words Marcasite ; Cinnabar ; Phosphates ; Hot springs

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Northland, New Zealand has been affected by natural hot water spring systems depositing elevated concentrations of mercury and arsenic over the past 5 million years. Due to the different erosion levels of these hot water systems, four principal types of mercury and arsenic occurrences are found: active hot springs; layered surface deposits (sinters) deposited by hot springs; highly fractured rock zones formed immediately beneath hot springs; and chemically altered and mineralized rock from the deeper roots of hot spring systems. Mercury occurs principally as cinnabar and as a minor impurity (〈1 wt%) in phosphate minerals and iron sulfides, particularly marcasite. Mercury is irregularly distributed through limonitic cements formed during oxidation. Arsenic occurs as a minor impurity (〈1 wt%) in phosphate minerals and iron sulfides, particularly marcasite. Arsenic is also variably dispersed through limonite, but not necessarily with mercury. Decomposition of marcasite constitutes the most significant source of mercury and arsenic pollution from the studied sites. Release of mercury and arsenic into the environment from marcasite, phosphates and limonite is enhanced by acidification of the sites (down to pH of 2), caused by oxidation of iron sulfides. Mercury and arsenic concentrations of up to 100 parts per billion should be expected in waters near the deposits; these concentrations are in excess of recommended drinking water levels.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900068

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2

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KAERSUTITE, A POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL MICROPROBE STANDARD (1989)

REAY, A. ; JOHNSTONE, R.D. ; KAWACHI, Y.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Geostandards and geoanalytical research 13 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1751-908X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Two kaersutite amphiboles from the Kakanui mineral breccia, South Island, New Zealand, have been prepared for electron microprobe analysis. Chemical analyses of bulk samples by XRF techniques are tabulated. These samples may be suitable as international standards.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1989.tb00471.x

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ANORTHOCLASE, A SECOND MICROPROBE STANDARD FROM KAKANUI, NEW ZEALAND (1993)

REAY, A. ; JOHNSTONE, R.D. ; KAWACHI, Y.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Geostandards and geoanalytical research 17 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1751-908X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: A second mineral from the Kakanui Mineral Breccia, an anorthoclase, has been prepared as an international microprobe standard. The K2O content may be variable. Major and trace element contents are tabulated. Relatively high Sr (2260 ppm) and Ba (622 ppm) may make this mineral a useful trace element standard.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1993.tb00129.x

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An occurrence of ardennite in quartz veins in piemontite schist, Western Otago, New Zealand (1993)

Coombs, D. S. ; Kawachi, Y. ; Reay, A.

Springer

Mineralogy and petrology 48 (1993), S. 295-308

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ISSN: 1438-1168

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ardennit mit der Zusammensetzung (Mn2+ 3.488Ca0.509Ba0.002)Σ=4(Mg0.916Fe3+ 0.165Mn3+ 0.099Cu0.033Ni0.009Zn0.006 Ti0.008Al4.764)Σ=6(As5+ 0.823V5+ 0.022P0.005B0.069Al0.042Si5.039)Σ=6O21.81(OH)6.17 tritt in Crack-seal-Quarzgängen in Quarz-Albit-Piemontit-Spessartin-Phengit-Hämatit-Chlorit-Rutil-Turmalin ± Calcit-Schiefern der Haast Schiefer-Gruppe nahe der Arrow Junction, West-Otago, Neuseeland, auf. Die Proportionen von Mn2+/Mn3+ hängen von der Kalkulation und der Genauigkeit der Analyse ab. Bor wird zum ersten Mal im Ardennit bestimmt. Andere Eigenschaften sind:α = 1.734(3),β = 1.735(3),γ = 1.751(3), 2Vz = 30(2)°; a = 8.721(1), b = 5.816(1), c = 18.545(3) Å, V = 940.7(2) Å3. Assoziierte Mineralphasen sind Spessartin, Hämatit, Piemontit, der ≈ 0.7% SrO und 0.06% PbO enthält und Phengit. Spät gebildete Gangmineralien, wie Chlorit, Albit und Mn-Calcit, sind unter geringer oxidierenden Bedingungen entstanden. Digenit mit etwas Covellin tritt in kleinen Mengen zusammen mit Mn-Calcit und Quartz in einem querschlägigen Gang auf, Chalcopyrit und gediegenes Kupfer kommen in anderen späten Gängen vor. Arsen und andere Komponenten des Ardennites and der assoziierten Minerale können von hochoxidierten, Fe-Mn-Oxid- und Hydroxyd-führenden, Sireichen, pelagischen Sedimenten hergeleitet werden, die das Ausgangsgestein für den Piemontit darstellen. Die Gänge wurden in einem relativ frühen Stadium, nach dem Metamorphosehöhepunkt, innerhalb der Chloritzone der Grünschiefer-Fazies, unter ungefähr 4.5 kbar und 390°C, gebildet.

Notes: Summary Ardennite of complex composition: (Mn2+ 3.488Ca0.509Ba0.002)Σ=4(Mg0.916916 Fe3+ 0.165 Mn3+ 0.099Cu0.033Ni0.009Zn0.006 Ti0.008Al4.764)Σ=6(As5+ 0.823V5+ 0.022P0.005B0.069Al0.042Si5.039)Σ=6O21.81(OH)6.17 occurs in crack-seal quartz veins in quartz-albite-piemontite-spessartine-phengitehematite-chlorite-rutile-tourmaline ± calcite schist of the Haast Schist Group near Arrow Junction, western Otago, New Zealand. The Mn2+/Mn3+-ratio is sensitive to calculations and to accuracy of analyses. Boron is detected in ardennite for the first time. Other properties includeα = 1.734(3),β = 1.735(3),γ = 1.751(3), 2VZ = 30(2)°;a = 8.721(1),b = 5.816(1),c = 18.545(3) Å,V = 940.7(2) Å3. Associated mineral phases are spessartine, hematite, piemontite containing ≈0.7% SrO and ≈0.06% PbO, and phengite. Later-stage vein minerals comprise chlorite, albite, and manganoan calcite which were deposited under less highly oxidizing conditions. Digenite with minor intergrown covellite occurs in small amount with manganoan calcite and quartz in a cross-cutting late-stage veina chalcopyrite and native copper occur in other late-stage veins. Arsenic and other components of the ardennite and associated minerals are derived from highly oxidized ferromanganese oxide- and hydroxide-bearing siliceous pelagic sediments that formed the protolith for the piemontite schist. The veins formed at a relatively early stage after metamorphism peaked in the chlorite zone of the greenschist facies under conditions that have been estimated at about 4.5 kbar, 390 °C.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01163105

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Platinum mineralisation potential of the Longwood Igneous Complex, New Zealand (1990)

Cowden, A. ; Ruddock, R. ; Reay, A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Mineralogy and petrology 42 (1990), S. 181-195

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ISSN: 1438-1168

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Longwood Igneous Complex liegt au der Südküste der der Südinsel Neuseelands. Er ist 32 km lang und 12 km breit und ist Teil eines Nord-Süd verlaufenden Gesteinsgürtels paläozoischer vulkanischer, vulkano-klastischer und intrusiver Gesteine. Der Komplex beinhaltet geschichtete Gabbros (Pahia Layered Series) gemeinsam mit Dioriten, Trondjhemiten und Granitoiden. Bedeutende Platinanomalien in Bachsedimenten, die aus einem ca. 10 x 1 km großen Gebiet mit Plagioklas-reichen, Olivin-führenden Kumulat-Gesteinen stammen, wurden von Sigma Resources lokalisiert. Platin- und Palladiumsulfide, -arsenide und -Legierungen wurden in Seifenlager-stätten, in diesem Gebiet nachgewiesen. Insgesamt wurden 1500 Unzen Platin während der historischen Bergbautätigkeit auf Gold in diesen Lagerstätten als Nebenprodukt gewonnen. PGE-Mineralisation (bis 3.0 ppm Pt und 3.3 ppm Pd) in Geschieben und bedeutende Pt-Bodenanomalien (max. 0.47 ppm Pt) wurden in diesem Gebiet entdeckt. Die mineralisierten Troktolit- und Olivin-Gabbro-Gerölle und benachbarte Aufschlüsse zeigen weitgehende Ähnlichkeit mit der Anorthosit-Troktolit-Olivin-GabbroAbfolge der Banded Series des Stillwater Komplexes. Die mineralisierten leukokraten Gesteine führen Plagioklas und Olivin als Kumulusphasen sowie untergeordnet Klinopyroxene, primäre Amphibole und geringe Mengen (〈 0.5 %) an Sulfiden. Als Sulfide kommen Magnetkies, Kupferkies, Pyrit und sekundäre Kupfersulfide vor. Die Ähnlichkeit dieser Mineralisation und ihrer Nebengesteine mit dem JM Reef des Stillwater Komplexes und der AP und PV Mineralisation in der Penikat Intrusion läßt die Pahia Layered Series als geeignetes Gebiet für die Entdeckung großer stratiformer PGE-Lagerstätten erscheinen.

Notes: Summary The Longwood Igneous Complex is situated at the southern tip of the South Island of New Zealand. The Complex is 32 km long and up to 12 km wide and is part of a more extensive north-trending belt of late Paleozoic volcanic, volcaniclastic and intrusive rocks. The complex is comprised of an extensive series of layered gabbros (Pahia Layered Series) together with diorites, trondjhemite and granitoids. Exploration by Sigma Resources has located significant platinum-in-drainage anomalies which are derived from a 10 km x 1 km area of largely plagioclase-rich, olivinebearing cumulate rocks within the Pahia Layered series. Grains of platinum and palladium sulphide, arsenide and alloy minerals have been identified in placer deposits derived from this area. A total of 1,500 ounces of platinum was reported to have been recovered as a by-product of historic placer gold mining of these deposits. Platinumgroup element mineralisation in float rocks (up to 3.0 ppm Pt and 3.3 ppm Pd) and significant platinum-in-soil anomalies (peak value 0.47 ppm Pt) have been found within this area. The mineralised troctolite and olivine-gabbro float and adjacent exposures are broadly similar to the anorthosite-troctolite-olivine gabbro zones within the Banded Series of the Stillwater Complex. The mineralised rocks are leucocratic plagioclaseolivine adcumulates with minor clinopyroxene oikocrysts, primary amphibole and sparse (〈0.5%) sulphide. Sulphide minerals are pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and secondary copper sulphides. The similarity of this mineralisation style and its host rocks to the JM Reef of the Stillwater Complex and AP and PV mineralisation of the Penikat Intrusion highlights the excellent potential for discovery of a large stratiform platinumgroup element deposit in the Pahia Layered Series.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01162690

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