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  • 1
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    Storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical oceans (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-24
    Description: Ocean storm tracks have previously been associated with the mid-latitude western boundary currents (WBCs) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Here we identify and examine large-scale baroclinically unstable waves occurring within waveguides associated with potential density gradients in the subtropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) oceans where the trade winds and westerlies meet and at depths associated with mode water formation. In contrast to the Northern Hemisphere subtropics, the SH pathways are more extensive allowing large scale coherent disturbances to communicate information westward from the mid-latitudes to the subtropics (South Pacific Ocean) and from the subtropics to the tropics (Indian Ocean). Particular consideration is given to the subtropical South Pacific Ocean as this is a region where resonant interactions between large-scale Rossby waves and significant topographic features have been reported to occur. Using an ocean general circulation model and a simple potential energy transfer diagnostic we identify the relevant nonlinearly modified structures comparing their propagation characteristics to planetary Rossby waves calculated using a shallow water model. Although at first appearance baroclinic disturbances resemble planetary Rossby waves, we show they are inherently nonlinear, multi-scale and are amplified where topography occurs. The location of the disturbances coincides with regions of high variability in sea surface height observed in satellite altimetry and their speeds closely match the large-scale coherent westward propagating structures described in the observational literature. Our study provides evidence that, in addition to the mid-latitude WBCs and the ACC, significant ocean storm tracks are also manifest in the SH subtropics.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Comment on "Saturation of the southern ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change" (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-02
    Description: Unlike Le Quere et al. (Reports, 22 June 2007, p. 1735), we do not find a saturating Southern Ocean carbon sink due to recent climate change. In our ocean model, observed wind forcing causes reduced carbon uptake, but heat and freshwater flux forcing cause increased uptake. Our inversions of atmospheric carbon dioxide show that the Southern Ocean sink trend is dependent on network choice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Law, Rachel M -- Matear, Richard J -- Francey, Roger J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 1;319(5863):570; author reply 570. doi: 10.1126/science.1149077.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PMB 1, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia. rachel.law@csiro.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18239108" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, respectively. Our results provide an upper limit on the solubility-driven anthropogenic CO2 flux into the ocean, and they suggest that most ocean general circulation models are overestimating oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake over the past two decades.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNeil, Ben I -- Matear, Richard J -- Key, Robert M -- Bullister, John L -- Sarmiento, Jorge L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):235-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Comment on "Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH" (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: Based on the boron isotopic composition of coral from the southwestern Pacific, Pelejero et al. (Reports, 30 September 2005, p. 2204) suggested that natural variations in pH can modulate the impact of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems. We show that this claim cannot be reconciled with other marine carbon chemistry constraints and highlight problems with the authors' interpretation of the paleontologic data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matear, Richard J -- McNeil, Ben I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):595.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Marine and Atmosphere Research, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, TAS, Australia. Richard.Matear@csiro.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068245" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/chemistry/physiology ; Atmosphere ; Boron ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Ocean salinities reveal strong global water cycle intensification during 1950 to 2000 (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: Fundamental thermodynamics and climate models suggest that dry regions will become drier and wet regions will become wetter in response to warming. Efforts to detect this long-term response in sparse surface observations of rainfall and evaporation remain ambiguous. We show that ocean salinity patterns express an identifiable fingerprint of an intensifying water cycle. Our 50-year observed global surface salinity changes, combined with changes from global climate models, present robust evidence of an intensified global water cycle at a rate of 8 +/- 5% per degree of surface warming. This rate is double the response projected by current-generation climate models and suggests that a substantial (16 to 24%) intensification of the global water cycle will occur in a future 2 degrees to 3 degrees warmer world.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Durack, Paul J -- Wijffels, Susan E -- Matear, Richard J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):455-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1212222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. pauldurack@llnl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Climate change projection of the Tasman Sea from an Eddy-Resolving Ocean Model (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: The ocean's western boundary current regions display the greatest rate of twentieth century warming and global climate models project that the accelerated rate of warming will continue with climate change. All existing global climate change projections come from simulations that do not fully resolve either these boundary currents or their eddies. Using an Ocean Eddy-resolving Model (OEM) that captures the dynamics of the East Australian Current (EAC) and its eddies we show the response of the Tasman Sea to climate change differs from what is projected with a coarse resolution Global Climate Model (GCM). With climate change, the OEM projects increased EAC transport with increased eddy activity and an approximately 1° southward latitudinal shift in the point where the EAC separates from the shelf and flows eastward. The OEM increased eddy activity in the Tasman Sea with climate change increases the nutrient supply to the upper ocean and causes an increase in the phytoplankton concentrations and primary productivity by 10% in the oligotrophic waters of the Tasman Sea. The increase in primary productivity is absent in the GCM climate change projection, which projects the region will have a decrease in primary productivity with climate change. Applying the OEM climate change projection for the Tasman Sea to other western boundary current regions suggests the projected intensification of all western boundary currents with climate change should increase eddy activity and provide an important nutrient supply mechanism to counter the increased stratification projected with global warming.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO 2 rise (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-28
    Description: Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO 2 rise Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 rise, Published online: 27 June 2018; doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04876-4 Despite decades of research, the sequence of events leading to the deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise remains unclear. Menviel et al. show that Southern Ocean convection driven by intensified Southern Hemisphere westerlies during Heinrich stadial 1 can explain the abrupt pCO2 rise and changes in atmosphere and ocean carbon isotopes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
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    Dynamic biological functioning important for simulating and stabilising ocean biogeochemistry (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-22
    Description: The biogeochemistry of the ocean exerts a strong influence on the climate by modulating atmospheric greenhouse gases. In turn, ocean biogeochemistry depends on numerous physical and biological processes that change over space and time. Accurately simulating these processes is fundamental for accurately simulating the ocean's role within the climate. However, our simulation of these processes is often simplistic, despite a growing understanding of underlying biological dynamics. Here we explore how new parameterisations of biological processes affect simulated biogeochemical properties in a global ocean model. We combine 6 different physical realisations with 6 different biogeochemical parameterisations (36 unique ocean states). The biogeochemical parameterisations, all previously published, aim to more accurately represent the response of ocean biology to changing physical conditions. We make three major findings. First, oxygen, carbon, alkalinity and phosphate fields are more sensitive to changes in the ocean's physical state. Only nitrate is more sensitive to changes in biological processes, and we suggest that assessment protocols for ocean biogeochemical models formally include the marine nitrogen cycle to constrain biological processes. Second, we show that dynamic variations in the production, remineralisation and stoichiometry of organic matter in response to changing environmental conditions benefits the simulation of ocean biogeochemistry. Third, dynamic biological functioning reduces the sensitivity of biogeochemical properties to physical change. Carbon and nitrogen inventories were 50 % and 20 % less sensitive to physical changes, respectively, in simulations that incorporated dynamic biological functioning. These results highlight the importance of a dynamic biology for ocean properties and climate.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Southern Ocean acidification: A tipping point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO2 (2008)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-20
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Anticyclonic eddies are more productive than cyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres because of winter mixing (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-22
    Description: Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous features of ocean circulation that modulate the supply of nutrients to the upper sunlit ocean, influencing the rates of carbon fixation and export. The popular eddy-pumping paradigm implies that nutrient fluxes are enhanced in cyclonic eddies because of upwelling inside the eddy, leading to higher phytoplankton production. We show that this view does not hold for a substantial portion of eddies within oceanic subtropical gyres, the largest ecosystems in the ocean. Using space-based measurements and a global biogeochemical model, we demonstrate that during winter when subtropical eddies are most productive, there is increased chlorophyll in anticyclones compared with cyclones in all subtropical gyres (by 3.6 to 16.7% for the five basins). The model suggests that this is a consequence of the modulation of winter mixing by eddies. These results establish a new paradigm for anticyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres and could have important implications for the biological carbon pump and the global carbon cycle.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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