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  • 1
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    The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007 (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉We quantify the oceanic sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) over the period 1994 to 2007 by using observations from the global repeat hydrography program and contrasting them to observations from the 1990s. Using a linear regression–based method, we find a global increase in the anthropogenic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 inventory of 34 ± 4 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) between 1994 and 2007. This is equivalent to an average uptake rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 Pg C year〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 and represents 31 ± 4% of the global anthropogenic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions over this period. Although this global ocean sink estimate is consistent with the expectation of the ocean uptake having increased in proportion to the rise in atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, substantial regional differences in storage rate are found, likely owing to climate variability–driven changes in ocean circulation.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Changes in the Arctic Ocean CO2 sink (1996{2007) : A regional model analysisARCTIC CO2 SINK (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-16
    Description: ABSTRACT [1]  The rapid recent decline of Arctic Ocean sea ice area increases the flux of solar radiation available for primary production and the area of open water for air-sea gas exchange. We use a regional physical-biogeochemical model of the Arctic Ocean, forced by the NCEP/NCAR atmospheric reanalysis to evaluate the mean present-day CO 2 sink and its temporal evolution. During the 1996–2007 period, the model suggests that the Arctic average sea surface temperature warmed by 0.04°C a −1 , that sea ice area decreased by ~0.1 x 10 6 km 2 a −1 , and that the biological drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon increased. The simulated 1996–2007 time-mean Arctic Ocean CO 2 sink is 58 ± 6 Tg C a −1 . The increase in ice-free ocean area and consequent carbon drawdown during this period enhances the CO 2 sink by ~1.4 Tg C a −1 , consistent with estimates based on extrapolations of sparse data. A regional analysis suggests that, during the 1996–2007 period, the shelf regions of the Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas experienced an increase in the efficiency of their biological pump due to decreased sea ice area, especially during the 2004–2007 period, consistent with independently published estimates of primary production. In contrast, the CO 2 sink in the Barents Sea is reduced during the 2004–2007 period due to a dominant control by warming and decreasing solubility. Thus the effect of decreasing sea-ice area and increasing sea surface temperature partially cancel, though the former is dominant.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    A model of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-15
    Description: A three dimensional model of Arctic Ocean circulation and mixing, with a horizontal resolution of 18 km, is overlain by a biogeochemical model resolving the physical, chemical and biological transport and transformations of phosphorus, alkalinity, oxygen and carbon, including the air-sea exchange of dissolved gases and the riverine delivery of dissolved organic carbon. The model qualitatively captures the observed regional and seasonal trends in surface ocean PO4, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, and pCO2. Integrated annually, over the basin, the model suggests a net annual uptake of 59 Tg C a−1, within the range of published estimates based on the extrapolation of local observations (20–199 Tg C a−1). This flux is attributable to the cooling (increasing solubility) of waters moving into the basin, mainly from the subpolar North Atlantic. The air-sea flux is regulated seasonally and regionally by sea-ice cover, which modulates both air-sea gas transfer and the photosynthetic production of organic matter, and by the delivery of riverine dissolved organic carbon (RDOC), which drive the regional contrasts in pCO2 between Eurasian and North American coastal waters. Integrated over the basin, the delivery and remineralization of RDOC reduces the net oceanic CO2 uptake by ∼10%.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    What story is told by oceanic tracer concentrations? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gruber, N -- Keller, K -- Key, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):455-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrates/*analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Southern Ocean Biogeochemical Float Deployment Strategy, With Example From the Greenwich Meridian Line (GO‐SHIP A12) (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Biogeochemical Argo floats, profiling to 2,000‐m depth, are being deployed throughout the Southern Ocean by the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling program (SOCCOM). The goal is 200 floats by 2020, to provide the first full set of annual cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrate, and optical properties across multiple oceanographic regimes. Building from no prior coverage to a sparse array, deployments are based on prior knowledge of water mass properties, mean frontal locations, mean circulation and eddy variability, winds, air‐sea heat/freshwater/carbon exchange, prior Argo trajectories, and float simulations in the Southern Ocean State Estimate and Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Twelve floats deployed from the 2014–2015 Polarstern cruise from South Africa to Antarctica are used as a test case to evaluate the deployment strategy adopted for SOCCOM's 20 deployment cruises and 126 floats to date. After several years, these floats continue to represent the deployment zones targeted in advance: (1) Weddell Gyre sea ice zone, observing the Antarctic Slope Front, and a decadally‐rare polynya over Maud Rise; (2) Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) including the topographically steered Southern Zone chimney where upwelling carbon/nutrient‐rich deep waters produce surprisingly large carbon dioxide outgassing; (3) Subantarctic and Subtropical zones between the ACC and Africa; and (4) Cape Basin. Argo floats and eddy‐resolving HYCOM simulations were the best predictors of individual SOCCOM float pathways, with uncertainty after 2 years of order 1,000 km in the sea ice zone and more than double that in and north of the ACC.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, respectively. Our results provide an upper limit on the solubility-driven anthropogenic CO2 flux into the ocean, and they suggest that most ocean general circulation models are overestimating oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake over the past two decades.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNeil, Ben I -- Matear, Richard J -- Key, Robert M -- Bullister, John L -- Sarmiento, Jorge L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):235-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, we estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 +/- 19 petagrams of carbon. The oceanic sink accounts for approximately 48% of the total fossil-fuel and cement-manufacturing emissions, implying that the terrestrial biosphere was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of about 39 +/- 28 petagrams of carbon for this period. The current fraction of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions stored in the ocean appears to be about one-third of the long-term potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sabine, Christopher L -- Feely, Richard A -- Gruber, Nicolas -- Key, Robert M -- Lee, Kitack -- Bullister, John L -- Wanninkhof, Rik -- Wong, C S -- Wallace, Douglas W R -- Tilbrook, Bronte -- Millero, Frank J -- Peng, Tsung-Hung -- Kozyr, Alexander -- Ono, Tsueno -- Rios, Aida F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):367-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. chris.sabine@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Fossil Fuels ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Industry ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dye-sensitized photooxygenation of hemopyrrole (1974)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 587-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die durch Rose Bengal sensibilisierte Photooxydation des Hemopyrrols in Methanol ergab 3-Äthyl-5-methoxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on, 3-Äthyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-4-pyrrolin-2-on und 3-Äthyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrrolin-2-on.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921487
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
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    Two Mesoarchaean terranes in the Reguibat shield of NW Mauritania (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 297: 33-52.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-29
    Description: Two domains have previously been recognized in the Archaean Reguibat shield of NW Mauritania, based primarily on their gross lithological differences. New fieldwork has identified a major ductile shear zone (Tacarat-Inemmaudene Shear Zone) separating these domains and new geochronological studies show that the two domains record different Mesoarchaean histories. As such, the two domains are redefined as the Choum-Rag el Abiod Terrane and Tasiast-Tijirit Terrane. Previous isotopic studies of metamorphic lithologies of the eastern Choum-Rag el Abiod Terrane indicate a succession of crustal growth from about 3.5-3.45 Ga to between about 3.2 and 2.99 Ga. Isotopic data presented in this contribution from the Tasiast-Tijirit Terrane indicate that emplacement of major calc-alkaline plutons occurred at c. 2.93 Ga after volcanism (preserved as greenstone belts) that included late felsic eruptive centres dated at c. 2965 Ma. This Mesoarchaean intrusive and extrusive magmatism was confined to the Tasiast-Tijirit Terrane, where it was emplaced through migmatitic orthogneisses that are the oldest lithodemic unit of the Tasiast-Tijirit Terrane. Widespread bimodal, post-tectonic magmatism in both terranes included major granitic magmatism dated at c. 2730 Ma. The north-south- to NNE-SSW-trending curvilinear Tacarat-Inemmaudene Shear Zone that separates the two terranes records late intense transpressive ductile shearing. It has a flower structure over a horizontal distance of about 70 km across its southern portion with unquantifiable sinistral horizontal offset, and east-directed thrusting on its eastern side where it cuts into the Choum-Rag el Abiod Terrane. A new U-Pb zircon age of 2954{+/-}111 Ma is presented for a deformed granite confined within the central part of this shear zone. A minimum age for the shearing is provided by a previously determined c. 2.73 Ga age for a post-tectonic granite that cuts across the easternmost part of the shear zone in the Choum-Rag el Abiod Terrane.
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  • 10
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    Polyphase Neoproterozoic orogenesis within the East Africa–Antarctica Orogenic Belt in central and northern Madagascar (2011)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 357: 49-68.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-13
    Description: Our recent geological survey of the basement of central and northern Madagascar allowed us to re-evaluate the evolution of this part of the East Africa–Antarctica Orogen (EAAO). Five crustal domains are recognized, characterized by distinctive lithologies and histories of sedimentation, magmatism, deformation and metamorphism, and separated by tectonic and/or unconformable contacts. Four consist largely of Archaean metamorphic rocks (Antongil, Masora and Antananarivo Cratons, Tsaratanana Complex). The fifth (Bemarivo Belt) comprises Proterozoic meta-igneous rocks. The older rocks were intruded by plutonic suites at c. 1000 Ma, 820–760 Ma, 630–595 Ma and 560–520 Ma. The evolution of the four Archaean domains and their boundaries remains contentious, with two end-member interpretations evaluated: (1) all five crustal domains are separate tectonic elements, juxtaposed along Neoproterozoic sutures and (2) the four Archaean domains are segments of an older Archaean craton, which was sutured against the Bemarivo Belt in the Neoproterozoic. Rodinia fragmented during the early Neoproterozoic with intracratonic rifts that sometimes developed into oceanic basins. Subsequent Mid-Neoproterozoic collision of smaller cratonic blocks was followed by renewed extension and magmatism. The global ‘Terminal Pan-African’ event (560–490 Ma) finally stitched together the Mid-Neoproterozoic cratons to form Gondwana.
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