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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The UK Farm Scale Evaluations (FSE) compared the effects on biodiversity of management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops and conventional crops over the shorter term. We simulated population changes over seven 4-year rotations (28 years) for weeds in crop rotations that included cereals and spring-sown GMHT and conventional oilseed rape and beet, using FSE data and assuming the continuation of the weed management systems practised in the FSE. The weed density dependence that was modelled integrated change caused by population dynamics and farmers’ responses to changes in weed density. Predicted weed seed populations decreased under conventional management and at a greater rate under GMHT. Total seed densities were lower for GMHT cropping by a factor of 0.7–0.8. The predicted distributions of weeds had more fields with lower weed densities under GMHT cropping. Such changes could affect animal populations on farmland, depending on the scale of uptake of GMHT crop cultivars.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 36 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The spatial variability of weeds within fields was studied for six sets of count data. Heterogeneity for a given mean population density was measured using the variance of the counts between sample units at different locations; relatively large values of sample variance imply aggregation. The dependence of variance on mean was measured using the relationship known as Taylor's power law, ubiquitous in animal ecology but seldom used for plant populations. This was fitted to an extensive set of plant counts and 69 estimates of its parameters b, an index of aggregation, and log10a were computed. Estimates were corrected for bias when the number of samples was small. Overall, b varied between 1.32 and 2.61, and log10a varied between -0.85 and 1.58. agreeing well with previous estimates for both plant and animal populations. Parameter estimates varied with sample size and spatial sample scale, but unpredictably. Parameter values when species counts were combined were compared with individual species analyses. Knowledge of the likely range of these parameters for weed populations provides an important basis for future modelling of the relationship between weed density and crop yield loss.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 112 (1997), S. 543-550 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Nonlinear dynamics ; Time series analysis ; Models ; Aphids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Density-dependent factors, such as population growth rate and migration, influence dynamic behaviour in ecological models. Temperature, an abiotic and density-independent factor, is also an important determinant of insect population growth. We investigated the endogenous dynamics of a density-dependent response-surface model that included temperature, based on time series for two aphid species. We investigated the effects of temperature and random noise on the model dynamics. In most cases, an increase in temperature resulted in a higher predicted equilibrium density; it could induce complex dynamics. Noise at the level of the natural variation in temperature resulted in extinctions in some models. Our results from these models indicate that aphid populations might become more abundant, and less stable in some circumstances, if there is climate warming.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 303 (1983), S. 801-804 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Anderson et a/.1 use markovian population models to restate the proposition10'11 that environmental and demographic stochasticity determine the relationship between the mean and variance. In such models spatial behaviour, including migration, may affect demographic rates, but its effect is ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 332 (1988), S. 721-722 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Our original collection4 of 156 data sets from the literature, later supplemented to 221 sets by Downing3, was not ideal5 for inter-specific comparison of b values, comprising samples of selected species collected by diverse methods at varying scales. Such data lack precision when units per sample ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 399 (1999), S. 727-728 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SirThe first genetically modified (GM) crops being proposed for commercial planting in the United Kingdom have been altered to make them less sensitive to broad-spectrum herbicides. These crops are intended to allow more efficient weed management and herbicide regimes for the ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The UK Farm-Scale Evaluations (FSE) compared the effects on biodiversity of management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) spring-sown crops with conventional crop management. The FSE reported larger weed abundance under GMHT management for fodder maize, one of three crops ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wechselwirkungen zwischen Pheromonfallen für den Erbsenwickler, Cydia nigricana (F.), wurden in einer Versuchsreihe mit verschiedenen Fallenabständen untersucht. Fallen, die je 100 μg (E,E)-8-10-Dodecadienylacetat auf Gummistopfen enthielten, wurden jeweils an einem Ort in mehreren räumlichen Anordnungen plaziert. An der zentralen Falle innerhalb eines Kreises oder einer Linie wurden immer weniger Falter gefangen als an isolierten Fallen. Dieses Resultat war sogar dann signifikant, wenn der Kreisradius oder der Fallenabstand in der Linie 100 m betrug. Demnach beträgt die Anlockungsdistanz mindestens diesen Wert. Wenn drei Fallen quer zur Windrichtung angeordnet waren, fing die zentrale Falle weniger als die peripheren Fallen. Wenn drei Fallen in der Windrichtung angeordnet waren, fing die windaufwärts plazierte Falle mehr als die zentrale und die windabwärts plazierte Falle; bei den zwei letzteren war der Fang gleich gross. Eine Erklärung dieser Ergebnisse wird vorgeschlagen und zwar aufgrund sich überdeckender Fangzonen und von Direktbeobachtungen im Feld. Folgerungen daraus werden diskutiert inbezug auf den Fang mit Pheromonfallen im Allgemeinen.
    Notes: Abstract Interactions between pheromone traps were investigated in a series of trap spacing experiments involving the pea moth, Cydia nigricana. Central traps in circles or lines of traps, always caught fewer moths than isolated traps. This effect was significant even when the radius of the circle or the spacing in the line was 100 m, indicating a range of attraction of at least this distance. In lines of three traps across the wind, the central trap caught fewer moths than the outer traps. In similar lines along the wind, the upwind trap caught more moths than either the central or downwind traps, whose catches were equal. An explanation for these results is proposed, based on overlapping trapping zones, and supported by independent field observations. The implications of these results for pheromone trapping in general are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana ; pheromone ; trap ; interactions ; trapping period ; trap catch ; flight behaviour ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des données antérieures concernant les interactions entre des pièges à phéromone alignés le long du vent ont été utilisées pour déduire les caractéristiques du comportement d'orientation deC. nigricana. Ces données ont été introduites dans un modèle de simulation quantitative qui prédisait que quand les captures totales sur une ligne ont été regroupées sur une période globale de piégage, la proportion capturée dans chaque piège devrait aussi avoir des valeurs moyennes semblables, mais varie plus largement que précédemment indiqué. Les simulations concernant des intervalles consécutifs beaucoup plus courts pendant la même période de piégage ont suggéré une forme spécifique de cette variation. Cette note signale des variations à court terme dans la proportion capturée au piège qui confirment ces prédictions. Nous montrons que sur des intervalles consécutifs brefs pendant une simple période de piégage, la proportion capturée dans le piège central d'une ligne de 3 pièges est contstante, bien que sa valeur change suivant les périodes de piégage. La proportion capturée dans le piège face au vent de 2 ou 3 lignes de pièges suit cette tendance dans le temps, ce qui est généralement bien représenté avec des courbes simples. Ces tendances changent suivant les périodes de piégage, mais des lignes de pièges fonctionnant simultanément fournissaient des résultats similaires. On suggère que ces résultats sont dus à des changements dans des processus comportementaux systématiques et non à des effects aléatoires. Les mécanismes possibles sont discutés.
    Notes: Abstract Short-term variations in the relative catch in each of two or three interacting pheromone traps for the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), were investigated for traps aligned along the wind. The proportional catch in each trap varied widely, although the mean values accorded with previous estimates. Over consecutive short intervals during a single trapping period the proportion caught in the centre trap of a three-trap line was constant. The proportion caught in the upwind trap of two-and three-trap lines showed trends in time. These trends differed between trapping periods, but two lines of traps operated simultaneously gave similar results to each other. It is suggested that these results, which are predicted by a model based on various components of moth orientation behaviour, are caused by changes in systematic behavioural processes, not random effects. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: pea moth ; Cydia nigricana ; pheromone ; trap ; flight behaviour ; ground track ; downwind flight ; upwind flight ; wind ; response ; interactions ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein räumliches mathematisches Modell für den Flug männlicher Cydia nigricana Falter auf mehrere in einem Weizenfeld in einer Reihe längs der hauptwindrichtung angeordneter Pheromonfallen nimmt folgendes an: 1. In Fallennähe reagieren stimulierte Falter auf ein abgegrenzte Pheromonwolke (wie über offenen Grund) durch Direktflug auf die Falle. 2. In weiterer Distanz nehmen die Falter kontinuierlich Pheromon wahr und orientieren sich gegen die momentane Windrichtung; die resultierende mittlere horizontale Flugspur geht demnach mehr gegen die Hauptwindrichtung als direkt auf die Falle. Es wurden Versuche angelegt um diese Annahme zu prüfen. Dazu wurden Windmessungen und quantifizierte Beobachtungen der Horizontalspur der Falter gemacht und zwar in 5×5 m Weizenflächen, 12,5 and 17,5 m von der nächsten von 3 Pheromonfallen. Die Resultate bestätigen die Annahme und deuten darauf hin, dass die Distanz, bei welcher die Falter in einem Weizenfeld bei Windstärken von 4–10 km/h ständig Pheromon wahrzunehmen beginnen, zwischen 12,5 und 17,5 m beträgt. Fast die Hälfte der beobachteten Falter flog mitwind, meist direkt von der nächsten Pheromonfalle, die windaufwärts der Beobachtungsfläche war — unabhängig von der mittleren Windrichting. Offenbar waren diese Falter von der betreffenden Falle angezogen aber nicht gefangen worden. Diese Flüge waren gemäss Beobachtung lang, relative schnell und gerade; es wurde keine Vorzugsrichtung von der Fälle her beobachtet. Flüge quer zur Windrichtung wurden selten beobachtet, dagegen wurden Schwebflüge und Suchflüge festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The flight of male pea moth, Cydia nigricana, to three interacting pheromone traps aligned along the wind in wheat, was recorded with respect to the current wind direction. 12.5 m downwind of a trap, upwind flying moths responded as if to a discrete plume over open ground. However, at 17.7 m they flew, on average, in the mean upwind direction, and not directly towards the trap, thus confirming the suggestions of a simulation model which assumed that moths in a crop beyond a certain distance from a trap perceive pheromone continuously. Almost half the moths observed were moving downwind, directly from the nearest pheromone trap, irrespective of the mean wind direction. Such flights were long, relatively fast and straight, and were presumably due to moths leaving the vicinity, after initially locating that trap. No preferred direction of flight from the trap was found. True crosswind flight was relatively rare.
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