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  • 1
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    Multi-decadal water-table manipulation alters peatland hydraulic structure and moisture retention (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-11
    Description: A peatland complex disturbed by berm construction in the 1950's was used to examine the long-term impact of water table (WT) manipulation on peatland hydraulic properties and moisture retention at three adjacent sites with increasing depth to WT (WET, INTermediate reference, and DRY). Saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ) was found to decrease with depth by several orders of magnitude over a depth of 1–1.5 m at all sites. The depth-dependence of WT response to rainfall was similar across sites: WT response increased from 1:1 at the surface, to 5:1 at 50 cm depth. While surface specific yield ( S y ) values were similar across all sites, it decreased with depth at a rate of 0.014 cm -1 in hollows and 0.007 cm -1 in hummocks. Bulk density ( ρ b ) exhibited similar depth-dependent trends as S y , and explains a high amount of variance (r 2  〉 0.69) in moisture retention across a range of pore water pressures (-15 to -500 cm H 2 O). Due to higher ρ b , hollow peat had greater moisture retention, where site effects were minimal. However, the estimated residual water content for surface Sphagnum samples, while on average lower in hummocks (0.082 m 3  m -3 ) versus hollows (0.087 m 3  m -3 ), increased from WET (0.058 m 3  m -3 ) to INT (0.088 m 3  m -3 ) to DRY (0.108 m 3  m -3 ) which has important implications for moisture stress under conditions of persistent WT drawdown. Given the potential importance of microtopographic succession for altering peatland hydraulic structure, our findings point to the need for a better understanding of what controls the relative height and proportional coverage of hummocks in relation to long-term disturbance-response dynamics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Post‐fire soil carbon accumulation does not recover BOREAL peatland combustion loss in some hydrogeological settings (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: ABSTRACT Deep peat burning at the interface between sub‐humid Boreal Plains peatlands and forestlands (margin ecotones) in some hydrogeological settings has brought into question the long‐term stability of these peatlands under current and future predicted climate. Small peatlands located at mid‐topographic positions on coarse sediments have been identified as hotspots for severe burning, as these peatland margins are not regularly connected to regional groundwater flow. The ability of these peatland systems to recover carbon lost from both the interior and margin within the fire return interval, however, has not yet been investigated. Here we examine peatland soil carbon accumulation along a chronosequence of time since fire for 26 Boreal Plains ombrotrophic bogs located across a range of hydrogeological settings. Soil organic carbon accumulation following wildfire does not appear to be influenced by hydrogeological setting; however, the ability of a peatland to recover the quantity of carbon lost within the fire return interval is dependent on the amount of carbon which was released through smouldering, which is influenced by hydrogeological setting for peatland margins. Based on published measurements of organic soil carbon loss during wildfire and our soil carbon accumulation rates, we suggest that peatlands located at topographic lows on coarse grained glaciofluvial outwash sediments or on low‐relief, fine grained sediment deposits from glaciolacustrine or subglacial paleoenvironments are currently resilient to wildfire on the BP landscape. Peatlands which experience severe smouldering at the margins, such as ephemerally perched systems on glaciofluvial outwash sediments, will likely undergo permanent loss of legacy carbon stores.
    Print ISSN: 2169-8953
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8961
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Modelling Sphagnum moisture stress in response to projected 21st century climate change (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-12
    Description: Sphagnum moss is an important genus of plants responsible for large stores of soil organic carbon associated with wet habitats such as northern peatlands. Northern peatlands, which contain globally significant quantities of legacy carbon, may be vulnerable to enhanced summer moisture deficits due to climate change. We adapted HYDRUS-1D and a semi-arid soil moisture model to investigate the role of microtopographic position and depth-dependence of peat hydraulic properties on Sphagnum moisture stress response to current and projected climate conditions in an idealized northern Michigan peatland. Water table (WT) level was shown to have a strong control on pore-water pressure ( ψ ), and thus on Sphagnum moisture stress. As a result of the close correspondence between surface peat hydraulic properties for hummocks and hollows used to parameterize our model, microtopographic position was shown to have a greater impact on Sphagnum moisture stress. Model behaviour suggests that, while ψ maintains equilibrium-profile values relative to the WT level for relatively shallow values, surface ψ becomes non-linearly related to WT level below a value of approximately -0.4 m, thus greatly increasing the likelihood of desiccation under future climate scenarios where growing season soil moisture deficits are projected to increase. The simulated range of instantaneous and cumulative moisture-stress for hollows under future climate conditions closely corresponds to the contemporary range exhibited by hummocks. Therefore, in order to assess the competitive advantage of various Sphagnum species to future climate conditions, we argue that more data are needed to better inform a physiological ψ -based moisture-stress threshold, the evolution of the stress response to increasing levels of desiccation, and its subsequent recovery dynamics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Lobster sniffing: antennule design and hydrodynamic filtering of information in an odor plume (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: The first step in processing olfactory information, before neural filtering, is the physical capture of odor molecules from the surrounding fluid. Many animals capture odors from turbulent water currents or wind using antennae that bear chemosensory hairs. We used planar laser-induced fluorescence to reveal how lobster olfactory antennules hydrodynamically alter the spatiotemporal patterns of concentration in turbulent odor plumes. As antennules flick, water penetrates their chemosensory hair array during the fast downstroke, carrying fine-scale patterns of concentration into the receptor area. This spatial pattern, blurred by flow along the antennule during the downstroke, is retained during the slower return stroke and is not shed until the next flick.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koehl, M A -- Koseff, J R -- Crimaldi, J P -- McCay, M G -- Cooper, T -- Wiley, M B -- Moore, P A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1948-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA. cnidaria@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; Nephropidae/*physiology ; *Odors ; Smell/physiology ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines includes both soluble and membrane-bound proteins that regulate immune responses. A member of the human TNF family, BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator), was identified that induced B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion. BLyS expression on human monocytes could be up-regulated by interferon-gamma. Soluble BLyS functioned as a potent B cell growth factor in costimulation assays. Administration of soluble recombinant BLyS to mice disrupted splenic B and T cell zones and resulted in elevated serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The B cell tropism of BLyS is consistent with its receptor expression on B-lineage cells. The biological profile of BLyS suggests it is involved in monocyte-driven B cell activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, P A -- Belvedere, O -- Orr, A -- Pieri, K -- LaFleur, D W -- Feng, P -- Soppet, D -- Charters, M -- Gentz, R -- Parmelee, D -- Li, Y -- Galperina, O -- Giri, J -- Roschke, V -- Nardelli, B -- Carrell, J -- Sosnovtseva, S -- Greenfield, W -- Ruben, S M -- Olsen, H S -- Fikes, J -- Hilbert, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):260-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genome Sciences, 9410 Key West Avenue, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Cell Activating Factor ; B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor ; B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/blood ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/*immunology ; Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Quantitative analysis of the relative mutagenicity of five chemical constituents of tobacco smoke in the mouse lymphoma assay (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: Quantifying health-related biological effects, like genotoxicity, could provide a way of distinguishing between tobacco products. In order to develop tools for using genotoxicty data to quantitatively evaluate the risk of tobacco products, we tested five carcinogens found in cigarette smoke, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP), cadmium (in the form of CdCl 2 ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA). The resulting mutagenicity dose responses were analyzed by various quantitative approaches and their strengths and weaknesses for distinguishing responses in the MLA were evaluated. L5178Y/ Tk +/– 3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells were treated with four to seven concentrations of each chemical for 4h. Only CdCl 2 produced a positive response without metabolic activation (S9); all five chemicals produced dose-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity with S9. The lowest dose exceeding the global evaluation factor, the benchmark dose producing a 10%, 50%, 100% or 200% increase in the background frequency (BMD 10 , BMD 50 , BMD 100 and BMD 200 ), the no observed genotoxic effect level (NOGEL), the lowest observed genotoxic effect level (LOGEL) and the mutagenic potency expressed as a mutant frequency per micromole of chemical, were calculated for all the positive responses. All the quantitative metrics had similar rank orders for the agents’ ability to induce mutation, from the most to least potent as CdCl 2 (–S9) 〉 BaP(+S9) 〉 CdCl 2 (+S9) 〉 MeIQ(+S9) 〉 4-ABP(+S9) 〉 NNK(+S9). However, the metric values for the different chemical responses (i.e. the ratio of the greatest value to the least value) for the different chemicals ranged from 16-fold (BMD 10 ) to 572-fold (mutagenic potency). These results suggest that data from the MLA are capable of discriminating the mutagenicity of various constituents of cigarette smoke, and that quantitative analyses are available that can be useful in distinguishing between the exposure responses.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8357
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3804
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Did enhanced afforestation cause high severity peat burn in the Fort McMurray Horse River wildfire? (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-18
    Description: Climate change mediated drying of boreal peatlands is expected to enhance peatland afforestation and wildfire vulnerability. The water table depth–afforestation feedback represents a positive feedback that can enhance peat drying and consolidation and thereby increase peat burn severity; exacerbating the challenges and costs of wildfire suppression efforts and potentially shifting the peatland to a persistent source of atmospheric carbon. To address this wildfire management challenge, we examined burn severity across a gradient of drying in a black spruce dominated peatland that was partially drained in 1975−1980 and burned in the 2016 Fort McMurray Horse River wildfire. We found that post-drainage black spruce annual ring width increased substantially with intense drainage. Average (±SD) basal diameter was 2.6 ± 1.2 cm, 3.2 ± 2.0 cm and 7.9 ± 4.7 cm in undrained (UD), moderately drained (MD) and heavily drained (HD) treatments, respectively. Depth of burn was significantly diff...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 8
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    Hydrological controls on deep burning in a northern forested peatland (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-27
    Description: While previous boreal peatland wildfire research has generally reported average organic soil burn depths ranging from 0.05-0.20 m, here we report on deep burning in a peatland in the Utikuma Complex forest fire (SWF-060, ~90,000 ha, May 2011) in the sub-humid climate of Alberta's Boreal Plains. Deep burning was prevalent at peatland margins, where average burn depths of 0.42 ± 0.02 m were five-fold greater than in the middle of the peatland. We examined adjacent unburned sections of the peatland to characterize the hydrological and hydrophysical conditions necessary to account for the observed burn depths. Our findings suggest that the peatland margin at this site represented a smouldering hotspot due to the effect of dynamic hydrological conditions on margin peat bulk density and moisture. Specifically, the coupling of dense peat (bulk density 〉100 kg m -3 ) and low peat moisture (GWC 〈 250 %) at the peatland margin allowed for severe smouldering to propagate deep into the peat profile. We estimated carbon release from this margin ‘hotspot’ ranged from 10–85 kg C m -2 (mean = 27 kg C m -2 ) accounting for ~80% of the total soil carbon loss from the peatland during the wildfire. As such, we suggest that current estimations of peatland carbon loss from wildfires that exclude (and/or miss) these ‘hotspots’ are likely underestimating total carbon emissions from peatland wildfires. We conclude that assessments of natural and managed peatland vulnerability to wildfire should focus on identifying dense peat on the landscape that is vulnerable to drying. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molybdenum Content of Equine Liver Tissue (1958)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 182 (1958), S. 1175-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 125 specimens of adult horse liver were obtained from a Cambridge slaughter-house during a period of eight months. The liver samples were dried at 100 C. and the dried material analysed for molybdenum by the thiocyanate-stannous chloride method of Dick and Bingley2. The range of molybdenum content ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1821175b0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FECAL COLIFORM AND STREPTOCOCCUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM GRAZED PASTURES IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Agricultural practices such as cattle grazing and animal manure application can contribute to relatively high runoff concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). Available information, however, is inconsistent with respect to the effects of such practices as well as to measures that can discriminate among candidate sources of FC and FS. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of grazing, time of year, and runoff amounts on FC and FS concentrations and to evaluate whether FCIFS concentration ratios are consistent with earlier values reported as characteristic of animal sources. Runoff from four Northwest Arkansas fields was sampled and analyzed for fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) for nearly three years (1991–1994). Each field was grazed and fertilized, with two fields receiving inorganic fertilizer and two receiving animal manure. Runoff amount had no effect on runoff concentrations of FC or FS. There were no consistent relationships between the presence of cattle and FC and FS runoff concentrations. Both FC and FS concentrations were affected by the season during which the runoff occurred. Higher concentrations were observed during warmer months. Runoff FC concentrations exceeded the primary contact standard of 200 cfu/100 mL during at least 89 percent of all runoff events and the secondary contact standard of 1000 cfu/100 mL during at least 70 percent of the events. Ratios of FC to FS concentrations varied widely (from near zero to more than 100), confirming earlier findings that FC/FS ratios are not a reliable indicator of the source of FC and FS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03520.x
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