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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 779-779 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN examining the question of Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations in North-West Africa, Sarnthein et al.1 distinguish between hypotheses that suggest distinct latitudinal shifts and those assuming stable latitudinal positions but contraction and expansion of the arid zone, and they cite ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1986), S. 311-348 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zeitlichen Charakteristika der Niederschlagsvariabilität in Afrika werden mit Hilfe von Abweichungsserien von 84 Gebieten des Kontinents und 5 großräumigeren Zonen untersucht. Die untersuchten nicht zufälligen Aspekte sind lineare Trends, Persistenz und quasiperiodische Fluktuationen. Es lassen sich keine langfristigen Trends im Niederschlag Afrikas beweisen. In einigen Regionen, am deutlichsten an der bengalischen Küste und im äquatorialen Afrika, neigen abnormale Niederschlagsverhältnisse dazu, über mehrere Monate anzudauern und die Korrelationen zwischen den Jahreszeiten sind hoch. Spektralanalysen zeigten signifikante Periodizitäten, die in 4 Periodenbändern gehäuft waren: 2.2–2.4, 2.6-2.8, 3.3–3.8 und 5.0–6.3 Jahre. Das kann in ganz Äquatorial- und Südafrika nachgewiesen werden, kaum dagegen in Nordafrika. Eine Kreuzspektralanalyse mit der „Southern Oscillation” legt einen starken Einfluß auf die Niederschlagsvariabilität für Süd- und Teile Äquatorialafrikas nahe und nahezu keinen für Nordafrika. Die Koherenz mit der „Southern Oscülation” ist am stärksten im Bereich der „Quasi Biannual Oscillation” von 2.2–2.4 Jahren. Allgemein legt das Koherenzspektrum einen inversen Zusammenhang zwischen „Southem Oscillation Index” und Niederschlag in den Äquatorialregionen (das bedeutet: mehr Niederschlag in Jahren mit niedrigerem Index) und einen direkten Zusammenhang in den meisten anderen Gebieten, in denen der Einfluß nachgewiesen werden kann, nahe.
    Notes: Summary The temporal characteristics of rainfall variability in Africa are examined using departure series for 84 regions of the continent and five larger-scale zones. The forms of non-randomness which are investigated include linear trends, persistence and quasi-periodic fluctuations. No long-term trends in African rainfall are evident. In some sectors, most noteably along the Benguela coast and equatorial Africa, rainfall anomalies tend to persist over several months and interseasonal correlations are also high. Spectral analysis revealed significant quasi-periodicities clustered in four bands at 2.2–2.4, 2.6–2.8, 3.3–3.8 and 5.0–6.3 years. These are common throughout equatorial and southern Africa, but only weakly evident in northern Africa. A cross-spectral analysis with the Southern Oscillation suggests a strong influence on rainfall variability in southern Africa and parts of the equatorial region and minimal influence in northern Africa. Coherence with the Southern Oscillation is particularly strong in the QBO range of 2.2–2.4 years. In general, the co-spectra suggest an inverse relationship between the SOI and rainfall in equatorial regions (i.e., higher rainfall during low-index years) and a positive relationship with rainfall in most other regions where an influence can be demonstrated.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 14 (1989), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This article presents the results of a study of the relationship between rainfall and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in East Africa and the Sahel. Monthly data for the years 1982 to 1985 have been analyzed. We have evaluated NDVI-rainfall relationships by vegetation type, using the major formations described by White (1983). In the article, a comparison of the differential response of vegetation growth to rainfall in the two study regions is emphasized. The most important conclusions of our research are as follows: (1) The spatial patterns of annually-integrated NDVI closely reflect mean annual rainfall. (2) There is a good relationship between rainfall variations and NDVI on seasonal and interannual time scales for areas where mean annual rainfall ranges from approximately 200 to 1200 mm. (3) In most cases, NDVI is best correlated with the rainfall total for the concurrent plus two antecedent months; the correlation is better in the Sahel than in East Africa. (4) The ratios of NDVI to rainfall are considerably higher in East Africa than in the Sahel. (5) Mean annually-integrated NDVI is linearly related to mean annual rainfall in the Sahel. In East Africa the relationship is approximately log-linear; above some threshold value of rainfall, NDVI values level off and vary minimally with rainfall. Two possible explanations of this last conclusion are suggested: above this threshold, rainfall is no longer the limiting factor in vegetation growth and/or NDVI is not a good indicator of vegetation growth. The latter is a likely possibility since NDVI directly reflects photosynthetic activity and becomes a poor indicator of biomass (i.e., growth) as high canopy densities are reached. The NDVI-rainfall relationship for East Africa is markedly similar to the relationship between NDVI and Leaf Area Index demonstrated by Sellers (1985) and Asrar et al. (1984).
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the environmental and climatic changes which took place in Africa from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene and the general atmospheric circulation patterns which likely correspond to them. Three major periods are considered: (1) a period of aridity and dune building c. 20,000-12,000 B.P. in which the Sahara advanced considerably southward; (2) a moist, lacustrine period c. 10,000-8,000 B.P.; and (3) a second moist, lacustrine period toward c. 6,500-4,500 B.P. in which the entire Sahara desert contracted considerably. The prevailing atmospheric circulation patterns are theorized on the basis of corresponding changes of surface boundary conditions-primarily changing thermal character—and known dynamic behavior of the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 41 (1999), S. 53-71 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa over the last two centuries. Lake chronologies extending back to the late eighteenth century are derived from reports of European visitors, settlers and explorers and from oral accounts of the local peoples. The historical fluctuations are meshed with the modern record to provide a picture of the lakes' fluctuations until the late twentieth century. The historical fluctuations of the lakes are quite similar. The most important of these are low levels during the first half of the nineteenth century, very high stands in the last decades of the nineteenth century, and, around the turn of the century, a rapid fall to twentieth century levels. This pattern is ubiquitous throughout eastern Africa and is apparent in numerous other lakes, including Victoria, Naivasha, Stefanie, Turkana, Malawi and Chilwa. Driest periods were in the 1920s or earlier and in the 1950s. Lake Tanganyika returned to extremely high stands in the 1960s and has continued to maintain relatively high stands since that time. Lake Rukwa rose to high stands during the 1980s and maintained them for several years. An analysis of rainfall variability shows that these trends are generally explained by variations in catchment rainfall. However, the lakes' responses to rainfall variability are sometimes dissimilar because Lake Rukwa is a closed basin. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the rainfall/lake-level relationships and the need to use water balance relationships in order to interpret the lakes' historical or paleo-fluctuations in terms of rainfall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions during the past one to two millennia. The most coherent feature in nearly all of the regional temperature reconstructions is a long-term cooling trend, which ended late in the nineteenth century. At multi-decadal to centennial scales, temperature variability shows distinctly different regional patterns, with more similarity within each hemisphere than between them. There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between ad 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century. The transition to these colder conditions occurred earlier in the Arctic, Europe and Asia than in North America or the Southern Hemisphere regions. Recent warming reversed the long-term cooling; during the period ad 1971–2000, the area-weighted average reconstructed temperature was higher than any other time in nearly 1,400 years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-02-01
    Description: The common explanation for the progression of the rainy season over Africa is the seasonal excursion of the ITCZ. The ITCZ paradigm stems from a time when tropical rainfall was assumed to be associated mainly with localized convection. Its development was also linked to the emergence of midlatitude frontal concepts. The paradigm has numerous shortcomings, including the diversity of definitions and the large number of parameters used to identify the ITCZ. A historical look at the concept shows that its use over Africa has long been controversial, with many eminent tropical meteorologists harshly criticizing its applicability over this continent. However, the seasonal excursion of the ITCZ remains the classical explanation for African rainy seasons, especially in the equatorial region. This article underscores the shortcomings of the paradigm in equatorial Africa by examining various aspects of the circulation associated with the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall during the equatorial rainy seasons. The overall conclusion is that a deeper understanding of the seasonal cycle in the equatorial regions of Africa still needs to be developed.
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-06-10
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1986-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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