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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 10 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary. Miller clay and Lufkin sandy loam soils were treated with fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ether) at 3–4 and 5 kg/ha. The disappearance was monitored using electron-capture gas chromatography. Less than 10% of the herbicide remained 6 months after application. Persistence was increased by incorporation in the loam but not in the clay soil. Little leaching was detected in either soil.Fluorodifen was applied to both roots and leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea L.). The herbicide was absorbed by the treated tissue, but limited trans-location into other plant parts was detected by gas chromatography, autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Following root application, higher concentrations of fluorodifen were found in the lower stems of morning glory and grain sorghum than in other species.La persistance et la migration du fluorodifene dans divers sols et plantesRésumé. De I'argile de Miller et des sols sablo-limoneux de Lufkin ont été traités avec du fluorodiféne (4-nitrophényl 2-nitro-4-trifluorométhylphényl éther) à 3, 4 et 5 kg/ha. La degradation a été suivie en utilisant la chromatographic en phase gazcuse avec détecteur à capture d'électrons. Aprés 6 mois d'application il ne fut détecté que moins de 10% de l'herbicide. La persistance fut accrue par l'incorporation dans le sol limoneux mais non dans le sol argileux; il ne fut mis en évidence qu'un faible lessivage dans les deux sols.Le fluorodifene fut appliquéà la fois sur les racines et sur les feuilles du soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), le sorgho à grains (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L.) et le volubilis (Ipomoea purpurea L.). L'herbicide fut absorbs par les tissus traites, mais il ne fut décelé qu'une migration limitée dans les autres parties de la plante, au moyen de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse, de l'autoradiographie, et de la spectrométrie à scintillation liquide. A la suite d'application par les racines, les concentrations de fluorodifene constatées dans les tiges basses du volubilis et dans le sorgho à grain furent supérieures à celles trouvées dans les autres espéces.Persistenz und Translokation von Fluorodifen in Böden und PflanzenZusammenfassung. Miller-Ton und Lufkin-Lehmboden wurden mit 3,5 und 5 kg/ha Fluorodifen (4-NitrGphenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethyIphenylather) behandelt. Der Verlust der Aktivsubstanz wurde mit Hilfe der Elektroneneinfang-Gaschromatographic bestimmt. Sechs Monate nach der Behandlung waren weniger als 10% der ursprünglich ausgebrachten Aktivsubstanz noch nachweisbar. Die Persistenz war im Lehmboden, nicht jedoch im Tonboden, durch Inkorporation erhöht; in keinem Boden war nennens-werte Einwaschung zu beobachten.Fluorodifen wurde bei Sojabohnen (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Körner-Hirse (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), Erdnuss (Arachis hypogaea L.) und Ipomoea purpurea L. sowohl über das Blatt als auch über die Wurzel angewandt. Das Herbizid wurde in das brhandelte Gewebe aufgenommen. Es erfolgte jedoch nur cine geringe Translokation in andere Pflanzenteile, wie die Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographic, Autoradio-graphic und Flüssigkeits-Scintiliations-Spectrometrie ergab. Nach Wurzelapplikation wurden in den unteren Sprossteilen von Ipomoea purpurea und Sorghum vulgare grössere Fluorodifen-Konzentrationen gefunden als bei den anderen Arten.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 8 (1968), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary. The effects of sunlight and ultraviolet light (253.7 nm) on 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) in a basic aqueous solution were investigated. Electron-capture gas chromatography determinations showed that approximately 20% of a 2 × 10−2 M concentration of picloram was degraded for each 48-hr exposure to ultraviolet light of an intensity of 200 μW/cm2. Decomposition by sunlight was slower and more variable.Precipitation of the degradation products with AgNO3 indicated that two chloride ions were liberated for each molecule of picloram that was degraded. Titrations indicated that acids were formed in the degradation process, and ultraviolet spectra showed that the pyridine nucleus was destroyed. Chromatograms of the methylated decomposition products showed that at least five products were formed.The effect of the addition of a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone, on the rate of decomposition was investigated but no definite conclusions could be drawn.La dégradation photolytique du piclorame
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 11 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary. At 2 weeks following application, concentrations of picloram in surface runoff water collected adjacent to a South Texas grassland treated with 1·1 kg/ha ranged from 0·055 to 0·184 ppm as detected by gas chromatography. Picloram in surface runoff water diminished with time and amount of rainfall as a decay function. Picloram was not detectable in a flowing stream 0·8 km below a 32-ha area treated with 1·1 kg/ha. Residual picloram was not detected in domestic water wells at any time up to 2 years following treatment of adjacent areas with 1·1 kg/ha.Dissipation of picloram from treated livestock-watering ponds was concentration-dependent, with the final losses resulting largely from dilution. Initial loss rates in the ponds ranged from 14 to 18%/day but decreased to less than 1%/day at 100 days following treatment. After 100 days, when the concentrations were less than 0·005 ppm, the primary changes in picloram content appeared to be due to dilution from rainfall or to concentration by runoff from adjacent treated areas.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 12 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary. Symptom ratings were more effective than fresh weights or oven-dry weights of field beans or sunflowers to quantify nanogramme quantities of picloram in river sand. Fresh weights, dry weights or symptom ratings of soybeans effectively quantified nanogramme quantities of picloram in river sand or sandy clay loam. From 92 to 97% of the variation in bioassay reaction was attributed to variation in picloram concentration with the species studied, except cucumber, for which the functional relationship log concentration versus symptom rating was developed. Results from gas-liquid chromatographic analyses and the sensitive bioassay methods were closely correlated, but GLC demonstrated less inherent variability than the bioassay methods. By utilizing the proper functional relationship and indicator variable, regression analyses of bioassay reaction were used to determine picloram residues of 0–250 ng/g soil on a statistical basis.La variation des reactions biologiques considée comme un indice quantitatif du piclorame dans les solsRésumé. L'évaluation des réactions visiblcs a été plus efficace que la mesure des poids frais ou des poids sees de haricots ou de tournesols pour déceler des quantitfe de piclorame de l'ordre du nanogramme dans un sable de riviére. Les poids frais, les poids sees ou l'évaluation des réactions du soja ont été efficacement employés pour déceler des quantités de piclorame de l'ordre du nanogramme dans un sable de riviére ou un limon silicoargilcux. La variation des réactions observées dans les essais biologiques a été attributée dans une proportion de 92 à 97%à la variation de la concentration du piclorame selon les espéces étudiées, le concombre excepté; pour ces variations la fonction des relations entre le log de la concentration et l'éaluation des syinptômes a (étéétablie. Les résultats des analyses par chromatographic gaz-liquide et ceux des méthodes sensibles des essais biologiques se sont révélés en étroitc corrélation, mais la chromatographie gaz-liquiide a montré moins de variabilité propre que les méthodes biologiques. En utilisant la fonction appropriée et la variable indicatrice convenables, l'analyse de regression des reactions biologiques a été employée pour la determination, sur des bases statistiques, de réidus de piclorame entre 0 et 250 ng par gramme de sol.Veränderung von Eigenschaften im Biotest als quantitative Indices von Picloram im BodenZusammenfassung. Die Bewertung von Symptomen erwies sich als besser als die Ermittlung von Frisch- oder Trockenmasse von Feldbohnen oder Sonnenblumen, um Nanogrammquantitäten von Picloram in Flussand zu bestimmen. Frisch-, Trockengewichte und Symptombewertung von Sojabohnen gestatteten eine effektive Bestimmung von Picloram im Nanogranimbereich in Flussand und sandigem Lehm. Die bei der Biotestreaktion aufgelretenen Schwankungen liessen sich bei den untersuchten Arlen zu 92 bis 97% auf die unterschiedliche Konzentration von Picloram zurückführen, mit Ausnahme der Gurke, für die eine Beziehung zwischen Symptombewertung und Logarithmus der Konzentration ausgcarbeitet wurde. Die Ergebnisse der gaschromatographisdien Analyse und der empfindlichen Biotests waren gut korreliert, die methodischen Schwankungen bei der Gas chromatographic geringer als bei den Biotests. Unter Verwendung der jeweiligen funktionalen Beziehung und der Indikatorvariablen konnten mit Hilfe der Regressionsanalyse der Biotestreaktion Picloramrückstände von 0–250 ng/g Boden auf statistischer Grundlage bestimmt werden.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 241 (1973), S. 291-292 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We exposed seeds to a 2,450 ±20 MHz field generated in a Litton cavity chamber by a magnetron of nominal power output 600 W. The samples were placed on a glass shelf 1.5 cm above the floor of the chamber, and we found that the intensity of the radiation was such that a 50 ml. sample of water ...
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1971-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1969-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1980-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1967-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1975-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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