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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RFLPs in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA indicate low levels of genetic diversity in the oak wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fagacearum (1995)
    Springer
    Current genetics 27 (1995), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: RFLPs ; Genetic diversity ; Population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity in the oak wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fagacearum was assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and anonymous RFLP loci in the nuclear DNA (nuDNA). No genetic variation was detected in the mtDNA among 27 isolates sampled from a broad geographical area. Southern hybridization to 100 anonymous, random, nuDNA probes detected a low level of variation among nine of the isolates. Only 35 out of 437 probe-enzyme combinations detected RFLPs. Most of the RFLPs appeared to result from insertions and deletions of less than 200 bp. A composite multilocus haplotype based on hybridization to six anonymous probes could differentiate each of the nine isolates tested, suggesting that these probes may be useful for further studies of the population biology and epidemiology of this pathogen. Hypotheses are presented to account for the low level of genetic variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352107
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Population Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 27 (1989), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.000453
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene Flow in Plant Pathosystems (1993)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 31 (1993), S. 353-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002033
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Septoria tritici occur at a high frequency (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: RFLPs ; Septoria tritici ; DNA fingerprinting ; Genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A set of probes that detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in nuclear DNA has been developed for genetic studies of the phytopathogenic fungus Septoria tritici. Two plasmid libraries containing 0.5–1.3 or 1.3–2.4 kb fragments of S. tritici nuclear DNA were constructed. Seventeen random clones from each library were used as probes to screen for RFLP variation among a geographically-diverse group of six S. tritici isolates. Among the 196 probe-enzyme combinations tested, 145 detected RFLPs among the six isolates. The restriction enzymes EcoRV and PstI detected RFLPs most efficiently. Three probes detected deletions. A ribosomal DNA probe from yeast did not detect a significant amount of variation. These probes will be useful for studying genetic variation, population genetics, and genome organization of S. tritici.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312858
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome length polymorphisms in a Septoria tritici population (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Electrophoretic karyotype ; Transverse alternating field electrophoresis ; Septoria tritici ; Chromosome length polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE) was used to compare the electrophoretic karyotypes of seven Septoria tritici isolates sampled from a single population. Isolates were selected based on differences at 12 DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci. Significant differences in electrophoretic karyotype existed among the isolates. Isolates had 14–16 bands, believed to correspond to chromosomes, ranging in size from approximately 330 to 3500 kb. Homologous chromosomes were identified by hybridization of anonymous single-locus and multiplelocus nuclear DNA sequences to Southern blots of TAFE gels. Length differences of up to 20% existed among homologous chromosomes. Densitometry and probe hybridization data showed that several bands contained two chromosomes. Probe pSTS192 hybridized to two chromosomes in each isolate, supporting previous data which suggested that this probe hybridized to two unlinked RFLP loci. Hybridization with probe pSTL53 provided additional evidence of partial diploidy at an RFLP locus in one isolate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355053
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  • 6
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    Coevolution of host and pathogen populations in the Hordeum vulgare-Rhynchosporium secalis pathosystem. (1989)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Melanization in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Zymoseptoria tritici (2014)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
    Description: Melanin plays an important role in virulence and antimicrobial resistance in several fungal pathogens. The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is important worldwide, but little is known about the genetic architecture of pathogenicity, including the production of melanin. Because melanin production can exhibit complex inheritance, we used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in two crosses to identify the underlying genes. Restriction site–associated DNA sequencing was used to genotype 263 (cross 1) and 261 (cross 2) progeny at ~8500 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and construct two dense linkage maps. We measured gray values, representing degrees of melanization, for single-spore colonies growing on Petri dishes by using a novel image-processing approach that enabled high-throughput phenotyping. Because melanin production can be affected by stress, each offspring was grown in two stressful environments and one control environment. We detected six significant QTL in cross 1 and nine in cross 2, with three QTL shared between the crosses. Different QTL were identified in different environments and at different colony ages. By obtaining complete genome sequences for the four parents and analyzing sequence variation in the QTL confidence intervals, we identified 16 candidate genes likely to affect melanization. One of these candidates was PKS1 , a polyketide synthase gene known to play a role in the synthesis of dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. Three candidate quantitative trait nucleotides were identified in PKS1 . Many of the other candidate genes were not previously associated with melanization.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 8
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    Intron Gains and Losses in the Evolution of Fusarium and Cryptococcus Fungi (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-12
    Description: The presence of spliceosomal introns in eukaryotic genes poses a major puzzle for the study of genome evolution. Intron densities vary enormously among distant lineages. However, the mechanisms driving intron gains are poorly understood and very few intron gains and losses have been documented over short evolutionary time spans. Fungi emerged recently as excellent models to study intron evolution and "reverse splicing" was found to be a major driver of recent intron gains in a clade of ascomycete fungi. We screened a total of 38 genomes from two fungal clades important in medicine and agriculture to identify intron gains and losses both within and between species. We detected 86 and 198 variable intron positions in the Cryptococcus and Fusarium clades, respectively. Some genes underwent extensive changes in their exon–intron structure, with up to six variable intron positions per gene. We identified a very recently gained intron in a group of tomato-infecting strains belonging to the F. oxysporum species complex. In the human pathogen C. gattii , we found recent intron losses in subtypes of the species. The two studied fungal clades provided evidence for extensive changes in their exon–intron structure within and among closely related species. We show that both intronization of previously coding DNA and insertion of exogenous DNA are the major drivers of intron gains.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Hitchhiking Selection Is Driving Intron Gain in a Pathogenic Fungus (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-26
    Description: The variability of intron density among eukaryotes is puzzling and still debated. Most previous studies have been limited because of the near absence of intron presence–absence polymorphism (IPAP) within species or because comparisons could be made only between distantly related species. We conducted population genetic analyses on eight loci showing IPAP to investigate the effect of natural selection on intron dynamics in a global collection of the panmictic fungal plant pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and its very close relatives. Five of these loci likely represent recent intron gains because their absence is fixed among the closest relatives of Z. tritici , and three likely represent recent intron losses because their presence is fixed among the close relatives. We analyzed signatures of selection by comparing allele frequencies, nucleotide diversities, and rates of recombination and found compelling evidence that at least two out of the five intron-gain loci, a SWIM zinc-finger gene and a sugar transporter, are under directional selection favoring alleles that gained the intron. Our results suggest that the intron-present alleles of these loci are sweeping to fixation, providing a genetic hitchhiking mechanism to explain rapid intron gain in Z. tritici . The overall findings are consistent with the hypothesis that intron gains are more likely to be driven by selection while intron losses are more likely to be due to neutral processes such as genetic drift.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Coevolution and Life Cycle Specialization of Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in a Hemibiotrophic Pathogen (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-10
    Description: Zymoseptoria tritici is an important fungal pathogen on wheat that originated in the Fertile Crescent. Its closely related sister species Z. pseudotritici and Z. ardabiliae infect wild grasses in the same region. This recently emerged host–pathogen system provides a rare opportunity to investigate the evolutionary processes shaping the genome of an emerging pathogen. Here, we investigate genetic signatures in plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) that are likely affected by or driving coevolution in plant-pathogen systems. We hypothesize four main evolutionary scenarios and combine comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and selection analyses to assign the majority of PCWDEs in Z. tritici to one of these scenarios. We found widespread differential transcription among different members of the same gene family, challenging the idea of functional redundancy and suggesting instead that specialized enzymatic activity occurs during different stages of the pathogen life cycle. We also find that natural selection has significantly affected at least 19 of the 48 identified PCWDEs. The majority of genes showed signatures of purifying selection, typical for the scenario of conserved substrate optimization. However, six genes showed diversifying selection that could be attributed to either host adaptation or host evasion. This study provides a powerful framework to better understand the roles played by different members of multigene families and to determine which genes are the most appropriate targets for wet laboratory experimentation, for example, to elucidate enzymatic function during relevant phases of a pathogen’s life cycle.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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