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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 31 (1958), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Paper chromatography of 100μg or more of dipicolinic acid (DPA) in acetic acid-containing solvents resulted in 3 distinct ultraviolet-absorbing sports at different Rf values. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of eluates of the respective spots were different; this is ascribed to metal chelates of DPA. As DPA moves up the paper, it chelates with metal impurities in the chromatographic paper. The chelates have lower Rf values than free DPA which is the fastest moving spot. This condition arises only when the amount of DPA exceeds the chelation capacity of metal impurities in the system. Chromatographic paper pre-washed with Na ethylenediamine tetraacetate to remove the metal impurities gave only a single spot. Chromatography in a formic acid-containing solvent did not produce the chelate spots. A possible explanation is advanced for this behavior. A sensitive, simple spectrophotometric assay of DPA is described based on optical density at the wave length of maximal absorption of DPA, 273 mμ.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 62 (1968), S. 72-84 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zellen von Cytophaga hutchinsonii und vegetativer Sporocytophaga myxococcoides produzieren während der Submerskultur in belüftetem Glucose-Medium große Mengen hochviscoser, extracellulärer Schleimstoffe. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild erscheint die “Schleimhülle” der Bakterien nach Negativkontrastierung mit Natriumphosphorwolframat als dichtes, weit verzweigtes Netzwerk fibrillärer Elemente, die an der Zelloberfläche entspringen und sich ohne erkennbare äußere Abgrenzung im Substrat ausbreiten. Feinste “Elementarfibrillen” der Schleimsubstanz haben eine Dicke von etwa 30 Å. Demgegenüber wird völlige Abwesenheit einer Schleimhülle bei den Mikrocysten festgestellt, die aus den vegetativen Zellen von Sp. myxococcoides nach Beendigung des logarithmischen Wachstums gebildet werden. Gleichzeitig mit der Mikrocystenbildung wird starke Abnahme der Viscosität im Kulturmedium festgestellt. Mikrocystenbildung scheint mit dem enzymatischen Abbau der Schleimsubstanz einherzugehen. Die Schleime von C. hutchinsonii und Sp. myxococcoides sind wahrscheinlich anionische Heteropolysaccharide. Cytophaga-Schleim enthält die vier Neutralzucker Glucose, Mannose, Arabinose und Xylose; bei Sporocytophaga ist zusätzlich Galaktose vorhanden. Einziger anionischer Baustein ist in beiden Fällen Glucuronsäure, die möglicherweise über Xylose mit den Polymeren verknüpft ist.
    Notes: Summary Cells of Cytophaga hutchinsonii and vegetative Sporocytophaga myxococcoides produce copious amounts of extracellular slime during active growth in liquid, aerated glucose-medium, imparting a high degree of viscosity to the culture. Electron microscopy following negative staining with sodium phosphotungstate reveals the slime substance as densely interwoven network of filamentous material originating on the cell surface and extending far into the medium without any discernable boundary. “Elementary fibrils” of the slime substance have a thickness of about 30 Å. The surrounding layer of filamentous slime is completely absent from the surface of microcysts formed from vegetative cells of Sp. myxococcoides after cessation of logarithmic growth, and the original high viscosity of the cell suspension is greatly reduced. It is concluded that microcyst formation is accompanied by enzymatic breakdown of the extracellular slime substance. Isolated slime materials from both organisms are tentatively identified as anionic heteropolysaccharides. Neutral sugar components of the substance from C. hutchinsonii are glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose. Sp. myxococcoides slime contains the same sugars and also galactose. Glucuronic acid is the only anionic component in the heteropolysaccharides of both organisms. Preliminary evidence suggests that the uronic acid is linked to the polymers via xylose.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 25 (1956), S. 90-108 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Antibioticum Actinomycin X wird von einer Gruppe systematisch nicht einheitlicher Streptomyceten gebildet, die sich morphologisch und vor allem physiologisch durch das Vorkommen oder Fehlen eines schwarzbraunen Pigmentes beim Wachstum auf peptonhaltigem Nährboden voneinander unterscheiden. Submerskulturen Actinomycin X-bildender Streptomyceten liefern unter dem Einfluß systematisch variierter Ernährungsbedingungen, wie verschiedener Stickstoffquellen, Kohlenstoff-Stickstoff-Verhältnisse und Wuchsstoffzusätze, sehr verschiedene Ausbeuten an Actinomycin und unterschiedliche Mengenverhältnisse der Actinomycin-Komponenten X0, X1 und X2. Zu Beginn der Actinomycinbildung und unter wachstumsverlangsamenden Bedingungen überwiegen die hydrophilen Komponenten X0 und X1. Dagegen wird zum Zeitpunkt maximaler Actinomycinausbeute und unter Kulturbedingungen, die zu einer raschen Fermentation und hohen Actinomycinausbeute führen, ein vorwiegend aus der hydrophoben Komponente X2 bestehendes Actinomycin vorgefunden. Die zeitlichen Maxima von Mycelertrag und Actiomycinbildung stimmen überein. Es wird geschlossen, daß die Actinomycinsynthese durch eine Seitenreaktion des assimilierenden Stoffwechsels erfolgt. Versuche zur Konservierung von Streptomyceten in Erde werden beschrieben.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 83 (1972), S. 332-346 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rigid-layers in cell walls of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadales contain murein sacculi of identical chemotype. However, lipoprotein in covalent linkage to the murein participates to a different extent in rigid layer construction in the two taxonomic groups. In Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli lipoprotein particles of similar size and spatial arrangement are visible in the electron microscope as major rigid layer components. In the cell walls of Pseudomonadales covalent (lipo-)protein plays a far less prominent role. It is present as a minor constituent in rigid layers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rigid layers of Spirillum serpens are naked murein sacculi devoid of any covalently attached protein.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 59 (1967), S. 355-380 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vegetative Zellen der primitiven Myxobakterien Cytophaga hutchinsonii und Sporocytophaga myxococcoides können in Massenkulturen in belüfteter Glucose-Mineralsalz-Nährlösung gewonnen werden. In Kulturen von Sp. myxococcoides erfolgt bei Verschiebung der Bebrütungstemperatur von 30°C nach 37°C in guter Ausbeute Umwandlung von vegetativen Bakterien in Mikrocysten. Aus vegetativen Zellen und Mikrocysten werden durch kombinierte Behandlung mit Proteinasen, Nucleasen und Extraktion mit anionischen Netzmitteln Zellwände isoliert. Diese bestehen zum größten Teil aus Murein und enthalten die Bausteine Muraminsäure, Glucosamin, 2,6-Diaminopimelinsäure, Glutaminsäure und Alanin im Molverhältnis 1:1:1:1:2. Andere charakteristische Zellwandpolymere wie Proteine, Teichonsäuren oder Polysaccharide wurden in Myxobakterienwänden nicht gefunden. Die Ergebnisse der Chromatographie von Lysozymspaltprodukten und chemische Endgruppenbestimmung durch Dinitrophenylierung sprechen dafür, daß die Mureine der Mxyobakterien, ähnlich wie Mureine Gram-negativer Eubakterien, aus Muropeptiduntereinheiten aufgebaut und durch Peptidbrücken zwischen Muropeptiden vernetzt sind. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild erscheinen die Mureinwände der Myxobakterien als schlauchförmige (vegetative Zellen) oder ballonförmige (Mikrocysten) Beutel in der Form der Zellen, aus denen sie erhalten wurden. Sie entsprechen also den von Weidel definierten, formgebenden “Murein Sacculi”. Nach Messungen an elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern von Dünnschnitten beträgt die Wandstärke der Sacculi bei vegetativen Zellen von Sp. myxococcoides etwa 20 Å, bei Mikrocysten etwa 90 Å. Es wird angenommen, daß Zellwände vegetativer Myxobakterien nackte und deshalb biegsame Sacculi sind, die nur aus einer monomolekularen Mureinschicht bestehen. Die um ein Vielfaches dickere Mikrocystenwand wird als Stapel mehrerer aufeinandergelagerter Mureinschichten interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary Vegetative cells of the non-fruiting myxobacteria Cytophaga hutchinsonii and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides were obtained in good yield and defined state of growth from shake cultures in liquid glucose-mineral salts medium. In Sp. myxococcoides a shift of incubation temperature from 30 to 37°C resulted in large scale conversion of vegetative bacteria into microcysts (myxospores). Empty cell walls were isolated from both vegetative myxobacteria and microcysts by combined treatment with proteinases and nucleases and extraction with anionic detergent. Murein (synonyma: mucopolymer, mucopeptide) was found to be the major cell wall polymer in all cases. Amino acid and amino sugar constituents of myxobacterial murein are muramic acid, glucosamine, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine occuring in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:1:2. Other typical macromolecular materials, which are prominent accessory cell wall materials in eubacteria, e.g. teichoic acids, proteins and polysaccharides, were not found in the Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga walls. Chromatography of murein fragments obtained by the action of muramidase (lysozyme) and chemical end group determinations indicated that myxobacterial mureins resemble eubacterial mureins in being composed of repeating muropeptidesubunits, which are linked between their peptide side-chains. Electron microscopy revealed the murein cell walls of the two myxobacteria as cell-shaped containers of the size and form of the organisms from which they were derived. The structures thus correspond to the shape-conferring “murein sacculus” of the eubacterial cell wall, as defined by Weidel (Weidel and Pelzer, 1964). The thickness of murein layers in Sporocytophaga cell walls was measured in electron micrographs of cell wall thin-sections and was found to be 20 Å in vegetative cells and 90 Å in microcysts. It is assumed that vegetative cells of myxobacteria may be highly flexible because their cell walls are constructed only of naked tubes of murein monolayer. In the much thicker and inflexible cell walls of microcysts increased rigidity may be brought about by the superposition of several murein monolayers.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 35 (1966), S. 457-484 
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 235 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 33 (1977), S. 136-137 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: The Journal of Organic Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/jo302479p
    Print ISSN: 0022-3263
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6904
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1977-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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