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Über die Oberflächenstruktur von Myxobakterien

On the surface-structure of myxobacteria

I. Chemie und Morphologie der Zellwände von Cytophaga hutchinsonii und Sporocytophaga myxococcoides

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Summary

Vegetative cells of the non-fruiting myxobacteria Cytophaga hutchinsonii and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides were obtained in good yield and defined state of growth from shake cultures in liquid glucose-mineral salts medium. In Sp. myxococcoides a shift of incubation temperature from 30 to 37°C resulted in large scale conversion of vegetative bacteria into microcysts (myxospores).

Empty cell walls were isolated from both vegetative myxobacteria and microcysts by combined treatment with proteinases and nucleases and extraction with anionic detergent. Murein (synonyma: mucopolymer, mucopeptide) was found to be the major cell wall polymer in all cases. Amino acid and amino sugar constituents of myxobacterial murein are muramic acid, glucosamine, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine occuring in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:1:2.

Other typical macromolecular materials, which are prominent accessory cell wall materials in eubacteria, e.g. teichoic acids, proteins and polysaccharides, were not found in the Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga walls.

Chromatography of murein fragments obtained by the action of muramidase (lysozyme) and chemical end group determinations indicated that myxobacterial mureins resemble eubacterial mureins in being composed of repeating muropeptidesubunits, which are linked between their peptide side-chains.

Electron microscopy revealed the murein cell walls of the two myxobacteria as cell-shaped containers of the size and form of the organisms from which they were derived. The structures thus correspond to the shape-conferring “murein sacculus” of the eubacterial cell wall, as defined by Weidel (Weidel and Pelzer, 1964).

The thickness of murein layers in Sporocytophaga cell walls was measured in electron micrographs of cell wall thin-sections and was found to be 20 Å in vegetative cells and 90 Å in microcysts.

It is assumed that vegetative cells of myxobacteria may be highly flexible because their cell walls are constructed only of naked tubes of murein monolayer.

In the much thicker and inflexible cell walls of microcysts increased rigidity may be brought about by the superposition of several murein monolayers.

Zusammenfassung

Vegetative Zellen der primitiven Myxobakterien Cytophaga hutchinsonii und Sporocytophaga myxococcoides können in Massenkulturen in belüfteter Glucose-Mineralsalz-Nährlösung gewonnen werden. In Kulturen von Sp. myxococcoides erfolgt bei Verschiebung der Bebrütungstemperatur von 30°C nach 37°C in guter Ausbeute Umwandlung von vegetativen Bakterien in Mikrocysten.

Aus vegetativen Zellen und Mikrocysten werden durch kombinierte Behandlung mit Proteinasen, Nucleasen und Extraktion mit anionischen Netzmitteln Zellwände isoliert. Diese bestehen zum größten Teil aus Murein und enthalten die Bausteine Muraminsäure, Glucosamin, 2,6-Diaminopimelinsäure, Glutaminsäure und Alanin im Molverhältnis 1:1:1:1:2.

Andere charakteristische Zellwandpolymere wie Proteine, Teichonsäuren oder Polysaccharide wurden in Myxobakterienwänden nicht gefunden.

Die Ergebnisse der Chromatographie von Lysozymspaltprodukten und chemische Endgruppenbestimmung durch Dinitrophenylierung sprechen dafür, daß die Mureine der Mxyobakterien, ähnlich wie Mureine Gram-negativer Eubakterien, aus Muropeptiduntereinheiten aufgebaut und durch Peptidbrücken zwischen Muropeptiden vernetzt sind.

Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild erscheinen die Mureinwände der Myxobakterien als schlauchförmige (vegetative Zellen) oder ballonförmige (Mikrocysten) Beutel in der Form der Zellen, aus denen sie erhalten wurden. Sie entsprechen also den von Weidel definierten, formgebenden “Murein Sacculi”.

Nach Messungen an elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern von Dünnschnitten beträgt die Wandstärke der Sacculi bei vegetativen Zellen von Sp. myxococcoides etwa 20 Å, bei Mikrocysten etwa 90 Å.

Es wird angenommen, daß Zellwände vegetativer Myxobakterien nackte und deshalb biegsame Sacculi sind, die nur aus einer monomolekularen Mureinschicht bestehen.

Die um ein Vielfaches dickere Mikrocystenwand wird als Stapel mehrerer aufeinandergelagerter Mureinschichten interpretiert.

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Abbreviations

MUR:

Muraminsäure

GlcN:

Glucosamin

DAP:

2,6-Diaminopimelinsäure

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Auszug aus einer Dissertation von J. P. Verma bei der Fakultät für Allgemeine Wissenschaften der Technischen Hochschule München.

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Verma, J.P., Martin, H.H. Über die Oberflächenstruktur von Myxobakterien. Archiv. Mikrobiol. 59, 355–380 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00412162

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00412162

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