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  • 1
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    The global circulation of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-04-19
    Beschreibung: Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of approximately 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2) viruses from six continents during 2002-2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation in east and Southeast Asia (E-SE Asia) via a region-wide network of temporally overlapping epidemics and that epidemics in the temperate regions were seeded from this network each year. Seed strains generally first reached Oceania, North America, and Europe, and later South America. This evidence suggests that once A (H3N2) viruses leave E-SE Asia, they are unlikely to contribute to long-term viral evolution. If the trends observed during this period are an accurate representation of overall patterns of spread, then the antigenic characteristics of A (H3N2) viruses outside E-SE Asia may be forecast each year based on surveillance within E-SE Asia, with consequent improvements to vaccine strain selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Colin A -- Jones, Terry C -- Barr, Ian G -- Cox, Nancy J -- Garten, Rebecca J -- Gregory, Vicky -- Gust, Ian D -- Hampson, Alan W -- Hay, Alan J -- Hurt, Aeron C -- de Jong, Jan C -- Kelso, Anne -- Klimov, Alexander I -- Kageyama, Tsutomu -- Komadina, Naomi -- Lapedes, Alan S -- Lin, Yi P -- Mosterin, Ana -- Obuchi, Masatsugu -- Odagiri, Takato -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Shaw, Michael W -- Skepner, Eugene -- Stohr, Klaus -- Tashiro, Masato -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- MC_U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):340-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1154137.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Antigenic Variation ; Asia/epidemiology ; Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Europe/epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Forecasting ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification/genetics/immunology/isolation & ; purification ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/virology ; North America/epidemiology ; Oceania ; Phylogeny ; Population Surveillance ; Seasons ; South America/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Hybridization between Brassica napus and B. rapa on a national scale in the United Kingdom (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2003-10-11
    Beschreibung: Measures blocking hybridization would prevent or reduce biotic or environmental change caused by gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to wild relatives. The efficacy of any such measure depends on hybrid numbers within the legislative region over the life-span of the GM cultivar. We present a national assessment of hybridization between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and B. rapa from a combination of sources, including population surveys, remote sensing, pollen dispersal profiles, herbarium data, local Floras, and other floristic databases. Across the United Kingdom, we estimate that 32,000 hybrids form annually in waterside B. rapa populations, whereas the less abundant weedy populations contain 17,000 hybrids. These findings set targets for strategies to eliminate hybridization and represent the first step toward quantitative risk assessment on a national scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilkinson, Mike J -- Elliott, Luisa J -- Allainguillaume, Joel -- Shaw, Michael W -- Norris, Carol -- Welters, Ruth -- Alexander, Matthew -- Sweet, Jeremy -- Mason, David C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):457-9. Epub 2003 Oct 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, RG6 6AS, UK. m.j.wilkinson@rdg.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Brassica napus/*genetics ; Brassica rapa/*genetics ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Genes, Plant ; Genetics, Population ; Great Britain ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Pollen
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    Love canal chromosome study (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1980-08-15
    Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaw, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Aug 15;209(4458):751-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7403845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): *Chromosome Aberrations ; Humans ; Legislation, Medical ; Mutagens ; New York ; United States ; *Water Pollution, Chemical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DAMAGE BY ROSY RUSTIC MOTH LARVAE IN SCOTLAND, 1956 (1957)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 6 (1957), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1957.tb00801.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of incorporating straw or manure into the soil on the natural microflora of winter wheat (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Over 3 years, five crops of winter wheat with different fertilization or pesticide treatments were grown in replicated plots in which straw, cattle manure or nothing was incorporated into the soil. It was previously shown that severities of several foliar diseases were reduced by the treatment with straw. Treatments with straw slightly increased leaf microbial numbers at growth stage (GS) 10, and significantly but slightly decreased numbers at GS 60 and 70, when averaged over all crops. There was no evidence of differences in potential for biological control between plots, because no differences were demonstrated between treatments in the proportion of phylloplane residents able to produce chitinase, siderophores or antibiotics. There was no link between soil and leaf nitrogen and microbial populations or soil amendment. The two youngest leaves of straw-treated plants remained green longer than leaves from untreated or manure-treated plants. Microbial numbers differed between crops, but within crops were more stable on leaves and ears than in soil. Soil populations were larger before the crops were sown. Bacteria predominated over fungi in all habitats throughout the growing season. The ratio of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria recovered was similar on leaves and in soil, but not on ears. Soil and leaf microbes utilized similar carbon sources. More leaf epiphytes than soil microbes produced siderophores. The majority of identified organisms belonged to only a few species. Chromogenic organisms were more abundant on aerial surfaces. A fungicide, chlorothalonil, was applied in one crop; it reduced the microbial population but did not alter its composition (without affecting the reduction in disease due to straw). It is postulated that straw acts in the field by altering plant physiology and thus altering both microbial colonization and disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00598.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of dose and mobility on the strength of selection for DMI fungicide resistance in inoculated field experiments (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Plots of spring wheat cv. Baldus were inoculated at GS 13 with four Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates, two relatively susceptible and two relatively resistant to DMI fungicides. Changes in the ratio of relatively susceptible to resistant types following fungicide or water sprays were measured. Three fungicides were compared: flutriafol, which is very mobile within leaves, fluquinconazole, which is less so, and prochloraz, which is almost immobile. All are inhibitors of sterol demethylation. In 1996, fungicide-treated plots were sprayed once with half the recommended dose at GS 39–47. In 1997, three doses were used: one-quarter and one-eighth of the recommended dose and a dual application of two one-eighth recommended doses, a week apart. Isolates were classified using a discriminating dose assay and the ratio of relatively susceptible to relatively resistant isolates in each field plot before and after fungicide application calculated. In both years, the numbers of relatively susceptible and relatively resistant isolates were equal just before fungicide application. All fungicides caused significant selection towards resistance, but the strength of selection varied with fungicide, dose and position in the crop canopy. Fluquinconazole selected most strongly and gave the best control of disease. Interactions between fungicide and dose were not significant. Selection was equally strong all along leaves sprayed with prochloraz, but increased smoothly from base to tip of leaves sprayed with fluquinconazole or flutriafol. Averaged over fungicides, reducing the dose of a single fungicide application from one-quarter to one-eighth slightly reduced selection towards resistance on both leaf layers. The dual one-eighth dose caused twice the change of the single one-eighth dose on the flag leaf, but was similar to a single spray on leaf 2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00486.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Substantial reductions in winter wheat diseases caused by addition of straw but not manure to soil (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Over a period of 3 years, five agronomically distinct crops of winter wheat were grown in plots in which straw (1 kg m−2), manure (4 kg m−2) or nothing were incorporated into the soil. Plant establishment and height, but not leaf area per tiller, were lower in straw-treated plots. Fertilizer regimes differed between years. Soil and leaf nitrogen were recorded; there was no obvious link between N and any disease or soil amendment. The numbers of leaf layers scorable for disease were similar in all treatments. At the end of the season, plants from straw-treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe (Blumeria) graminis], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.). Early on, M. graminicola was worse in straw-treated plots. In manure-treated plots, P. recondita was reduced but effects on other diseases were inconsistent and slight. A fungicide, chlorothalonil, was applied in one crop; its effects did not interact with those of other treatments. Mycosphaerella graminicola was not suppressed by straw in outdoor pot experiments. Late in the season, straw-treated plants had significantly higher leaf silica (P 〈 0·01). In a glasshouse experiment, plants supplied with silicon had less E. graminis infection (P 〈 0·001) and higher leaf silica, but effects on M. graminicola were inconsistent. A prior inoculation of M. graminicola primed plant defences against a subsequent attack of E. graminis, but only in the presence of adequate Si. It is postulated that straw acts in the field by increasing Si availability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00497.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weak selection by field sprays for flutriafol resistance in Septoria tritici (1997)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Change in sensitivity of populations of Septoria tritici resulting from single sprays of the sterol demethylation-inhibiting fungicide flutriafol was measured. Field trials were conducted over 3 years at two sites separated by about 15 km, on cvs Mercia and Riband at each site, in plots at least 10 × 12 m. Treatments included the full recommended rate and a reduced dose of flutriafol and a mixture of flutriafol with chlorothalanil. Sprays were applied at GS37; samples were taken just before spraying and as soon as lesions appeared on leaf 2, which had had no visible disease at the time of spraying. Epidemiological evidence suggests that sprays acted both curatively and as protectants. Significant shifts in sensitivity occurred after spraying in both water-sprayed and fungicide-sprayed plots; all plots became less sensitive. Disease severity after spraying clearly decreased with increasing fungicide concentration and with the use of a mixture of flutriafol and chorothalanil. However, after correction for the shifts in the water-sprayed plots, no dose produced a significant change in population sensitivity level, although sample sizes were large. There was no trend in sensitivity in the population over the 3 years of the experiment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-227.x
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of temperature on the development of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: The effects of temperature on the development of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on winter oilseed rape were investigated in controlled-environment experiments. The proportion of conidia which germinated on leaves, the growth rate of germ tubes, the severity of light leaf spot and the production of conidia increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 15 C. The time to 50% germination of conidia and the incubation and latent periods of light leaf spot lesions decreased when temperature increased from 5 to 15°C. At 20°C, however, light leaf spot severity and production of conidia were less and the incubation and latent periods were longer than at 15 C. There were differences between P brassicae isolates and oilseed rape cultivars in the severity of light leaf spot, the production of conidia and the length of the incubation period but not in the length of the latent period. The responses to temperature for lesion severity and incubation and latent periods appeared to be approximately linear over the temperature range 5-15°C and could be quantified using linear regression analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02715.x
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A rapid test to evaluate in vitro sensitivity of Septoria tritici to flutriafol, using a microtitre plate reader (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 43 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: The sensitivity of Septoria tritici to the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicide flutriafol was assessed using a quick and objective technique based on light absorbance to measure fungal growth. Microtitre plates were inoculated with suspensions of pycnidiospores taken directly from single pycnidia on leaves, after which glucose peptone broth containing different fungicide concentrations was added. After 10 days’ incubation in the dark at 17°C, growth was measured using a spectrophotometer at 405 nm. A dose-response curve fitted to the absorbance data was used to estimate the fungicide concentration reducing absorbance by one half (EC50). The method was precise, quick, reproducible and objective, with substantial advantages over conventional techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb01612.x
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