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  • 1
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    An intercomparison of tropospheric ozone retrievals derived from two Aura instruments and measurements in western North America in 2006 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-17
    Description: Two recently developed methods for quantifying tropospheric ozone abundances based on Aura data, the Trajectory-enhanced Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TTOR) and an assimilation of Aura data into Goddard Earth Observing System Version 4 (ASM), are compared to ozone measurements from ozonesonde data collected in April–May 2006 during the INTEX Ozonesonde Network Study 2006 (IONS-06) campaign. Both techniques use Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. Statistics on column ozone amounts for both products are presented. In general, the assimilation compares better to sonde integrated ozone to 200 hPa (28.6% difference for TTOR versus 2.7% difference for ASM), and both products are biased low. To better characterize the performance of ASM, ozone profiles based on the assimilation are compared to those from ozonesondes. We noted slight negative biases in the lower troposphere, and slight positive biases in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS), where we observed the greatest variability. Case studies were used to further understand ASM performance. We examine one case from 17 April 2006 at Bratt's Lake, Saskatchewan, where geopotential height gradients appear to be related to an underestimation in the ASM in the UT/LS region. A second case, from 21 April 2006 at Trinidad Head, California, is a situation where the overprediction of ozone in the UT/LS region does not appear to be due to current dynamic conditions but seems to be related to uncertainty in the flow pattern and large differences in MLS observations upstream.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Assessment and Applications of NASA Ozone Data Products Derived from Aura OMI/MLS Satellite Measurements in Context of the GMI Chemical Transport Model (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: Measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), both onboard the Aura spacecraft, have been used to produce daily global maps of column and profile ozone since August 2004. Here we compare and evaluate three strategies to obtain daily maps of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone from OMI and MLS measurements: trajectory mapping, direct profile retrieval, and data assimilation. Evaluation is based on an assessment that includes validation using ozonesondes and comparisons with the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemical transport model (CTM). We investigate applications of the three ozone data products from near-decadal and inter-annual timescales to day-to-day case studies. Inter-annual changes in zonal mean tropospheric ozone from all of the products in any latitude range are of the order 1-2 Dobson Units while changes (increases) over the 8-year Aura record investigated vary by 2-4 Dobson Units. It is demonstrated that all of the ozone products can measure and monitor exceptional tropospheric ozone events including major forest fire and pollution transport events. Stratospheric ozone during the Aura record has several anomalous inter-annual events including split stratospheric warmings in the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropics that are well captured using the data assimilation ozone profile product. Data assimilation with continuous daily global coverage and vertical ozone profile information is the best of the three strategies at generating a global tropospheric and stratospheric ozone product for science applications.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Role of the stratospheric polar freezing belt in denitrification (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-03
    Description: Homogeneous freezing of nitric acid hydrate particles can produce a polar freezing belt in either hemisphere that can cause denitrification. Computed denitrification profiles for one Antarctic and two Arctic cold winters are presented. The vertical range over which denitrification occurs is normally quite deep in the Antarctic but limited in the Arctic. A 4 kelvin decrease in the temperature of the Arctic stratosphere due to anthropogenic and/or natural effects can trigger the occurrence of widespread severe denitrification. Ozone loss is amplified in a denitrified stratosphere, so the effects of falling temperatures in promoting denitrification must be considered in assessment studies of ozone recovery trends.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tabazadeh, A -- Jensen, E J -- Toon, O B -- Drdla, K -- Schoeberl, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2591-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Earth Science Division, MS:245-4 Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. atabazadeh@mail.arc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The dynamics of the stratospheric polar vortex and its relation to springtime ozone depletions (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-04
    Description: Dramatic springtime depletions of ozone in polar regions require that polar stratospheric air has a high degree of dynamical isolation and extremely cold temperatures necessary for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. Both of these conditions are produced within the stratospheric winter polar vortex. Recent aircraft missions have provided new information about the structure of polar vortices during winter and their relation to polar ozone depletions. The aircraft data show that gradients of potential vorticity and the concentration of conservative trace species are large at the transition from mid-latitude to polar air. The presence of such sharp gradients at the boundary of polar air implies that the inward mixing of heat and constituents is strongly inhibited and that the perturbed polar stratospheric chemistry associated with the ozone hole is isolated from the rest of the stratosphere until the vortex breaks up in late spring. The overall size of the polar vortex thus limits the maximum areal coverage of the annual polar ozone depletions. Because it appears that this limit has not been reached for the Antarctic depletions, the possibility of future increases in the size of the Antarctic ozone hole is left open. In the Northern Hemisphere, the smaller vortex and the more restricted region of cold temperatures suggest that this region has a smaller theoretical maximum for column ozone depletion, about 40 percent of the currently observed change in the Antarctic ozone column in spring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoeberl, M R -- Hartmann, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jan 4;251(4989):46-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17778602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Global assimilation of Loon stratospheric balloon observations (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Accurate analyses of stratospheric winds are important for determining realistic constituent transport and providing improved diagnostic studies and forecasts of the stratosphere. This study examines impacts on global meteorological analyses resulting from using winds derived from Loon super‐pressure balloons in the lower stratosphere (hereafter Loon winds) as additional input observations to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation system (DAS). To fully investigate the impacts of assimilating the Loon winds, two steps are taken: 1) comparison of the GEOS analysis winds with Loon winds (Control experiment) and 2) examination of the impacts of assimilating the Loon winds into the GEOS DAS (Loon experiment). The time period selected is June‐August 2014 when over 150 Loon balloons were launched, mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. In the middle latitudes, the Loon winds and Control winds agree well (Loon balloon zonal wind observation minus forecast, o‐f, RMS values of ~2.75 ms‐1) and assimilating the Loon winds has a small impact (o‐f RMS values unchanged). In the tropics, the Loon observations and Control analysis winds differ more than in middle latitudes (zonal wind o‐f RMS ~3.75 ms‐1) and assimilating the Loon winds improves the zonal wind o‐f RMS by ~1 ms‐1. In selected cases where the Loon observations and Control analysis differ greatly (o‐f RMS values greater than 10 ms‐1), assimilating Loon winds significantly decreases the zonal wind o‐f RMS by 5 ms‐1. These decreases in o‐f RMS values show that the 6‐hour forecasts are improved at the Loon balloon observation locations.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011 (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-04
    Description: Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter-spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was--for the first time in the observational record--comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18-20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Manney, Gloria L -- Santee, Michelle L -- Rex, Markus -- Livesey, Nathaniel J -- Pitts, Michael C -- Veefkind, Pepijn -- Nash, Eric R -- Wohltmann, Ingo -- Lehmann, Ralph -- Froidevaux, Lucien -- Poole, Lamont R -- Schoeberl, Mark R -- Haffner, David P -- Davies, Jonathan -- Dorokhov, Valery -- Gernandt, Hartwig -- Johnson, Bryan -- Kivi, Rigel -- Kyro, Esko -- Larsen, Niels -- Levelt, Pieternel F -- Makshtas, Alexander -- McElroy, C Thomas -- Nakajima, Hideaki -- Parrondo, Maria Concepcion -- Tarasick, David W -- von der Gathen, Peter -- Walker, Kaley A -- Zinoviev, Nikita S -- England -- Nature. 2011 Oct 2;478(7370):469-75. doi: 10.1038/nature10556.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA. Gloria.L.Manney@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Chlorine/chemistry ; *Environmental Monitoring ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Ozone/*analysis/chemistry/history ; Seasons ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    The seasonal evolution of reactive chlorine in the northern hemisphere stratosphere (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-27
    Description: In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide (ClO) at mid- and high northern latitudes are reported for the period October 1991 to February 1992. As early as mid-December and throughout the winter, significant enhancements of this ozone-destroying radical were observed within the polar vortex shortly after temperatures dropped below 195 k. Decreases in ClO observed in February were consistent with the rapid formation of chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) by recombination of ClO with nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) released photochemically from nitric acid (HNO(3)). Outside the vortex, ClO abundances were higher than in previous years as a result of NOx suppression by heterogeneous reactions on sulfate aerosols enhanced by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toohey, D W -- Avallone, L M -- Lait, L R -- Newman, P A -- Schoeberl, M R -- Fahey, D W -- Woodbridge, E L -- Anderson, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 27;261(5125):1134-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17790345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Chemical loss of ozone in the arctic polar vortex in the winter of 1991-1992 (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-27
    Description: In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salawitch, R J -- Wofsy, S C -- Gottlieb, E W -- Lait, L R -- Newman, P A -- Schoeberl, M R -- Loewenstein, M -- Podolske, J R -- Strahan, S E -- Proffitt, M H -- Webster, C R -- May, R D -- Fahey, D W -- Baumgardner, D -- Dye, J E -- Wilson, J C -- Kelly, K K -- Elkins, J W -- Chan, K R -- Anderson, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 27;261(5125):1146-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17790349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Ozone and aerosol changes during the 1991-1992 airborne arctic stratospheric expedition (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-27
    Description: Stratospheric ozone and aerosol distributions were measured across the wintertime Arctic vortex from January to March 1992 with an airborne lidar system as part of the 1992 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE II). Aerosols from the Mount Pinatubo eruption were found outside and inside the vortex with distinctly different distributions that clearly identified the dynamics of the vortex. Changes in aerosols inside the vortex indicated advection of air from outside to inside the vortex below 16 kilometers. No polar stratospheric clouds were observed and no evidence was found for frozen volcanic aerosols inside the vortex. Between January and March, ozone depletion was observed inside the vortex from 14 to 20 kilometers with a maximum average loss of about 23 percent near 18 kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Browell, E V -- Butler, C F -- Fenn, M A -- Grant, W B -- Ismail, S -- Schoeberl, M R -- Toon, O B -- Loewenstein, M -- Podolske, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 27;261(5125):1155-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17790351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Chlorine chemistry on polar stratospheric cloud particles in the arctic winter (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-27
    Description: Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --〉 Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, C R -- May, R D -- Toohey, D W -- Avallone, L M -- Anderson, J G -- Newman, P -- Lait, L -- Schoeberl, M R -- Elkins, J W -- Chan, K R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 27;261(5125):1130-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17790344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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