ALBERT

Description: West Africa is currently witnessing the most extensive Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak so far recorded. Until now, there have been 27,013 reported cases and 11,134 deaths. The origin of the virus is thought to have been a zoonotic transmission from a bat to a two-year-old boy in December 2013 (ref. 2). From this index case the virus was spread by human-to-human contact throughout Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. However, the origin of the particular virus in each country and time of transmission is not known and currently relies on epidemiological analysis, which may be unreliable owing to the difficulties of obtaining patient information. Here we trace the genetic evolution of EBOV in the current outbreak that has resulted in multiple lineages. Deep sequencing of 179 patient samples processed by the European Mobile Laboratory, the first diagnostics unit to be deployed to the epicentre of the outbreak in Guinea, reveals an epidemiological and evolutionary history of the epidemic from March 2014 to January 2015. Analysis of EBOV genome evolution has also benefited from a similar sequencing effort of patient samples from Sierra Leone. Our results confirm that the EBOV from Guinea moved into Sierra Leone, most likely in April or early May. The viruses of the Guinea/Sierra Leone lineage mixed around June/July 2014. Viral sequences covering August, September and October 2014 indicate that this lineage evolved independently within Guinea. These data can be used in conjunction with epidemiological information to test retrospectively the effectiveness of control measures, and provides an unprecedented window into the evolution of an ongoing viral haemorrhagic fever outbreak.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Miles W -- Matthews, David A -- Hiscox, Julian A -- Elmore, Michael J -- Pollakis, Georgios -- Rambaut, Andrew -- Hewson, Roger -- Garcia-Dorival, Isabel -- Bore, Joseph Akoi -- Koundouno, Raymond -- Abdellati, Said -- Afrough, Babak -- Aiyepada, John -- Akhilomen, Patience -- Asogun, Danny -- Atkinson, Barry -- Badusche, Marlis -- Bah, Amadou -- Bate, Simon -- Baumann, Jan -- Becker, Dirk -- Becker-Ziaja, Beate -- Bocquin, Anne -- Borremans, Benny -- Bosworth, Andrew -- Boettcher, Jan Peter -- Cannas, Angela -- Carletti, Fabrizio -- Castilletti, Concetta -- Clark, Simon -- Colavita, Francesca -- Diederich, Sandra -- Donatus, Adomeh -- Duraffour, Sophie -- Ehichioya, Deborah -- Ellerbrok, Heinz -- Fernandez-Garcia, Maria Dolores -- Fizet, Alexandra -- Fleischmann, Erna -- Gryseels, Sophie -- Hermelink, Antje -- Hinzmann, Julia -- Hopf-Guevara, Ute -- Ighodalo, Yemisi -- Jameson, Lisa -- Kelterbaum, Anne -- Kis, Zoltan -- Kloth, Stefan -- Kohl, Claudia -- Korva, Misa -- Kraus, Annette -- Kuisma, Eeva -- Kurth, Andreas -- Liedigk, Britta -- Logue, Christopher H -- Ludtke, Anja -- Maes, Piet -- McCowen, James -- Mely, Stephane -- Mertens, Marc -- Meschi, Silvia -- Meyer, Benjamin -- Michel, Janine -- Molkenthin, Peter -- Munoz-Fontela, Cesar -- Muth, Doreen -- Newman, Edmund N C -- Ngabo, Didier -- Oestereich, Lisa -- Okosun, Jennifer -- Olokor, Thomas -- Omiunu, Racheal -- Omomoh, Emmanuel -- Pallasch, Elisa -- Palyi, Bernadett -- Portmann, Jasmine -- Pottage, Thomas -- Pratt, Catherine -- Priesnitz, Simone -- Quartu, Serena -- Rappe, Julie -- Repits, Johanna -- Richter, Martin -- Rudolf, Martin -- Sachse, Andreas -- Schmidt, Kristina Maria -- Schudt, Gordian -- Strecker, Thomas -- Thom, Ruth -- Thomas, Stephen -- Tobin, Ekaete -- Tolley, Howard -- Trautner, Jochen -- Vermoesen, Tine -- Vitoriano, Ines -- Wagner, Matthias -- Wolff, Svenja -- Yue, Constanze -- Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria -- Kretschmer, Birte -- Hall, Yper -- Kenny, John G -- Rickett, Natasha Y -- Dudas, Gytis -- Coltart, Cordelia E M -- Kerber, Romy -- Steer, Damien -- Wright, Callum -- Senyah, Francis -- Keita, Sakoba -- Drury, Patrick -- Diallo, Boubacar -- de Clerck, Hilde -- Van Herp, Michel -- Sprecher, Armand -- Traore, Alexis -- Diakite, Mandiou -- Konde, Mandy Kader -- Koivogui, Lamine -- Magassouba, N'Faly -- Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana -- Nitsche, Andreas -- Strasser, Marc -- Ippolito, Giuseppe -- Becker, Stephan -- Stoecker, Kilian -- Gabriel, Martin -- Raoul, Herve -- Di Caro, Antonino -- Wolfel, Roman -- Formenty, Pierre -- Gunther, Stephan -- 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 6;524(7563):97-101. doi: 10.1038/nature14594. Epub 2015 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. ; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK. ; Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK. ; 1] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK [2] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [3] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK. ; 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fievres Hemorragiques en Guinee, Conakry, Guinea [3] Institut National de Sante Publique, Conakry, Guinea. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. ; 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Merieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. ; 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Redeemer's University, Osun State, Nigeria. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Unite de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69365 Lyon, France. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bundeswehr Hospital, 22049 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Janssen-Cilag, SE-192 07 Sollentuna, Sweden. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Thunen Institute, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. ; Eurice - European Research and Project Office GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany. ; Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK. ; Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK. ; Research IT, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK. ; Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK. ; Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea. ; World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. ; World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea. ; Medecins Sans Frontieres, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Section Prevention et Lutte contre la Maladie a la Direction Prefectorale de la Sante de Gueckedou, Gueckedou, Guinea. ; Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka, Conakry, Guinea. ; Health and Sustainable Development Foundation, Conakry, Guinea. ; Institut National de Sante Publique, Conakry, Guinea. ; Universite Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fievres Hemorragiques en Guinee, Conakry, Guinea. ; 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Merieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉