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  • 1
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    Murine models poorly mimic human diseases [Medical Sciences] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-27
    Description: A cornerstone of modern biomedical research is the use of mouse models to explore basic pathophysiological mechanisms, evaluate new therapeutic approaches, and make go or no-go decisions to carry new drug candidates forward into clinical trials. Systematic studies evaluating how well murine models mimic human inflammatory diseases are nonexistent. Here,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    A detailed study of the optical attenuation of gamma-ray bursts in the Swift era (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: We present optical and near-infrared (NIR) photometry of 28 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Swift satellite and rapidly observed by the Reionization and Transients Infrared/Optical (RATIR) camera. We compare the optical flux at fiducial times of 5.5 and 11 h after the high-energy trigger to that in the X-ray regime to quantify optical darkness. 46 ± 9 per cent (13/28) of all bursts in our sample and 55 ± 10 per cent (13/26) of long GRBs are optically dark, which is statistically consistently with previous studies. Fitting RATIR optical and NIR spectral energy distributions of 19 GRBs, most (6/7) optically dark GRBs either occur at high redshift ( z  〉 4.5) or have a high dust content in their host galaxies ( A V  〉 0.3). Performing Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, we compare the RATIR sample to those previously presented in the literature, finding our distributions of redshift, optical darkness, host dust extinction and X-ray-derived column density to be consistent. The one reported discrepancy is with host galaxy dust content in the BAT6 sample, which appears inconsistent with our sample and other previous literature. Comparing X-ray-derived host galaxy hydrogen column densities to host galaxy dust extinction, we find that GRBs tend to occur in host galaxies with a higher metal-to-dust ratio than our own Galaxy, more akin to the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Finally, to mitigate time evolution of optical darkness, we measure β OX, rest at a fixed rest-frame time, t rest  = 1.5 h and fixed rest-frame energies in the X-ray and optical regimes. Choosing to evaluate optical flux at rest = 0.25 μm, we remove high redshift as a source of optical darkness, demonstrating that optical darkness must result from either high redshift, dust content in the host galaxy along the GRB sight line, or a combination of the two.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Synoptic messages to extend climate data records (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-05
    Description: Synoptic messages (SYNOP) exchanged internationally for operational weather forecasting are regularly used to extend validated (quality controlled) daily climate time series to the present day, despite differences in measuring intervals and lack of validation. Here we focus on the effect of this on derived climate indices of extremes in Europe. Validated time series are taken from the European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D). Validated data and SYNOP over the period 01 April 1982 to 31 December 2004 are compared. The distribution of the difference series of validated data and SYNOP is skewed. Generally, minimum temperatures are lower or equal in the validated series, while maximum temperatures are higher or equal. This is at least partly due to the 24-hour (validated data) versus 12-hour (SYNOP) measuring intervals. The precipitation results are dependent on the difference between the measuring intervals of both time series. Time series of indices of extremes exhibit a non-climatic inhomogeneity for several indices when SYNOP are used to extend the validated series, leading to spurious trends. The sizes of the trends in pure validated and pure SYNOP series are generally in good agreement, but the absolute values of the indices show an offset. Accepting a trend error of 10%, the averaged winter minimum and maximum temperature and the number of tropical nights (minimum temperature 〉20°C) in summer allow only a very small fraction of SYNOP in the extended series (about 5–10%), while for the other indices studied here a larger fraction can be used (up to 50%).
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Relationship Between Sunshine Duration and Temperature Trends Across Europe Since the Second Half of the 20th Century (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-07
    Description: Global radiation is a fundamental source of energy in the climate system. A significant impact of global radiation on temperature change is expected due to the widespread dimming/brightening phenomenon observed since the second half of the 20th century. This work describes the analysis of 312 stations with sunshine duration (SD) series, a proxy for global radiation, and temperature series in the European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) with data over the period 1961–2010. The relationship between SD and temperature series is analysed for four temperature variables: maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin), mean temperature (Tmean), and diurnal temperature range (DTR). The analyses are performed on annual and seasonal basis. The results show strong positive correlations between SD and temperatures over Europe, with highest correlation for DTR and Tmax during the summer period. These results confirm the strong relationship between SD and temperature trends over Europe since the second half of the 20th century. This study supports previous suggestions that dimming (brightening) has partially decreased (increased) temperatures thereby modulating the greenhouse gas induced warming rates over Europe.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    A European daily high-resolution observational gridded data set of sea level pressure (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: In this study we introduce a daily high-resolution land-only observational gridded data set for sea level pressure covering the European region as a new addition to the E-OBS gridded data sets of daily temperatures and precipitation amounts. This data set improves upon existing products in terms of spatial resolution and extent. The data set is delivered on the same four spatial resolutions as the other E-OBS data sets: 0.25° by 0.25° and 0.5° by 0.5° on a regular latitude-longitude grid and 0.22° by 0.22° and 0.44° by 0.44° on a rotated pole grid. We show that there is a good agreement in the long-term mean and standard deviation with popular reanalysis grids. In areas with a relatively high number of stations, the gridded data is closer to the station data than the reanalysis products. There is also a very good agreement with daily weather charts for selected storm events.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    The effects of urbanization on the rise of the European temperature since 1960 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: The effects of urbanization on the rise of the European daily mean temperature is quantified by comparing European averaged temperatures based on all meteorological stations in the European Climate Assessment & Dataset with those based on three subsets of stations: from rural areas, from areas with low growth in urbanization and with stations characterized by relatively low temperature increase. Land cover information is obtained using the CORINE dataset, showing that most stations (75%) have a small percentage (up to 10%) of urban area within a 10 km radius and 81% saw no more than 1% change in urbanization between 1990 and 2006. The results show that urbanization explains 0.0026 °C/decade of the annual-averaged pan-European temperature trend of 0.179 °C/decade. This trend has a strong seasonality, being the largest in summer. Averaged over time, the effects of urbanization on the European-averaged temperature has a strong seasonality as well.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Preparing local climate change scenarios for the Netherlands using resampling of climate model output (2014)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-15
    Description: A method to prepare a set of four climate scenarios for the Netherlands is presented. These scenarios for climate change in 2050 and 2085 (compared to present-day) are intended for general use in climate change adaptation in the Netherlands. An ensemble of eight simulations with the global model EC-Earth and the regional climate model RACMO2 (run at 12 km resolution) is used. For each scenario time horizon, two target values of the global mean temperature rise are chosen based on the spread in the CMIP5 simulations. Next, the corresponding time periods in the EC-Earth/RACMO2 simulations are selected in which these target values of the global temperature rise are reached. The model output for these periods is then resampled using blocks of 5 yr periods. The rationale of resampling is that natural variations in the EC-Earth/RACMO2 ensemble are used to represent (part of the) uncertainty in the CMIP5 projections. Samples are then chosen with the aim of reconstructing the spread in s...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 8
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    IP3 receptor: localization to plasma membrane of T cells and cocapping with the T cell receptor (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: Immune responses in lymphocytes require cellular accumulation of large amounts of calcium (Ca2+) from extracellular sources. In the T cell tumor line Jurkat, receptors for the Ca(2+)-releasing messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) were localized to the plasma membrane (PM). Capping of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex, which is associated with signal transduction, was accompanied by capping of IP3 receptors. The IP3 receptor on T cells appears to be responsible for the entry of Ca2+ that initiates proliferative responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Khan, A A -- Steiner, J P -- Klein, M G -- Schneider, M F -- Snyder, S H -- DA-00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH-18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01-HL27867/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):815-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1323146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Antigens, CD3 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis/*metabolism ; Burkitt Lymphoma ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Channels ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Concanavalin A/pharmacology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; Kinetics ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis/*metabolism ; *Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Second Messenger Systems ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Structure-based analysis of catalysis and substrate definition in the HIT protein family (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: The histidine triad (HIT) protein family is among the most ubiquitous and highly conserved in nature, but a biological activity has not yet been identified for any member of the HIT family. Fragile histidine triad protein (FHIT) and protein kinase C interacting protein (PKCI) were used in a structure-based approach to elucidate characteristics of in vivo ligands and reactions. Crystallographic structures of apo, substrate analog, pentacovalent transition-state analog, and product states of both enzymes reveal a catalytic mechanism and define substrate characteristics required for catalysis, thus unifying the HIT family as nucleotidyl hydrolases, transferases, or both. The approach described here may be useful in identifying structure-function relations between protein families identified through genomics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lima, C D -- Klein, M G -- Hendrickson, W A -- T32CA09503/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):286-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acid Anhydride Hydrolases ; Adenosine/metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Dinucleoside Phosphates/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Neoplasm Proteins ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; Tungsten Compounds/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Reassessing changes in Diurnal Temperature Range: A new dataset and characterization of data biases (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: It has been a decade since changes in Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) globally have been assessed in a stand-alone data analysis. The present study takes advantage of substantively improved basic data holdings arising from the International Surface Temperature Initiative's databank effort, and applies the National Centers for Environmental Information's automated pairwise homogeneity assessment algorithm, to reassess DTR records. It is found that breakpoints are more prevalent in DTR than other temperature elements, and that the resulting adjustments have a broader distribution. This strongly implies that there is an over-arching tendency, across the global meteorological networks, for non-climatic artifacts to impart either random or anti-correlated rather than correlated biases in maximum and minimum temperature series. Future homogenization efforts would likely benefit from simultaneous consideration of DTR, maximum and minimum, in addition to average temperatures. Estimates of change in DTR are relatively insensitive to whether adjustments are calculated directly or inferred from adjustments returned for the maximum and minimum temperature series. The homogenized series exhibit a reduction in DTR since the mid-20 th Century globally (-0.044 K/decade). Adjustments serve to approximately halve the long-term global reduction in DTR in the basic ‘raw’ data. Most of the estimated DTR reduction occurred over 1960-1980. In several regions DTR has apparently increased over 1979-2012, whilst globally it has exhibited very little change (-0.016 K/decade). Estimated changes in DTR are an order of magnitude smaller than in maximum and minimum temperatures, which have both been increasing rapidly on multi-decadal timescales (0.186 K/decade and 0.236 K/decade respectively since the mid-twentieth Century).
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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