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  • 1
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    Evidence for crystalline water and ammonia ices on Pluto's satellite charon (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Observations have resolved the satellite Charon from its parent planet Pluto, giving separate spectra of the two objects from 1.0 to 2.5 micrometers. The spectrum of Charon is found to be different from that of Pluto, with water ice in crystalline form covering most of the surface of the satellite. In addition, an absorption feature in Charon's spectrum suggests the presence of ammonia ices. Ammonia ice-water ice mixtures have been proposed as the cause of flowlike features observed on the surfaces of many icy satellites. The existence of such ices on Charon may indicate geological activity in the satellite's past.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, M E -- Calvin, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):107-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ammonia ; Crystallization ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Pluto ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Storms in the tropics of Titan (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-14
    Description: Methane clouds, lakes and most fluvial features on Saturn's moon Titan have been observed in the moist high latitudes, while the tropics have been nearly devoid of convective clouds and have shown an abundance of wind-carved surface features like dunes. The presence of small-scale channels and dry riverbeds near the equator observed by the Huygens probe at latitudes thought incapable of supporting convection (and thus strong rain) has been suggested to be due to geological seepage or other mechanisms not related to precipitation. Here we report the presence of bright, transient, tropospheric clouds in tropical latitudes. We find that the initial pulse of cloud activity generated planetary waves that instigated cloud activity at other latitudes across Titan that had been cloud-free for at least several years. These observations show that convective pulses at one latitude can trigger short-term convection at other latitudes, even those not generally considered capable of supporting convection, and may also explain the presence of methane-carved rivers and channels near the Huygens landing site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaller, E L -- Roe, H G -- Schneider, T -- Brown, M E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):873-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08193.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. schaller@ifa.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-26
    Description: The discovery of water vapour and ice particles erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus fuelled speculation that an internal ocean was the source. Alternatively, the source might be ice warmed, melted or crushed by tectonic motions. Sodium chloride (that is, salt) is expected to be present in a long-lived ocean in contact with a rocky core. Here we report a ground-based spectroscopic search for atomic sodium near Enceladus that places an upper limit on the mixing ratio in the vapour plumes orders of magnitude below the expected ocean salinity. The low sodium content of escaping vapour, together with the small fraction of salt-bearing particles, argues against a situation in which a near-surface geyser is fuelled by a salty ocean through cracks in the crust. The lack of observable sodium in the vapour is consistent with a wide variety of alternative eruption sources, including a deep ocean, a freshwater reservoir, or ice. The existing data may be insufficient to distinguish between these hypotheses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, Nicholas M -- Burger, Matthew H -- Schaller, Emily L -- Brown, Michael E -- Johnson, Robert E -- Kargel, Jeffrey S -- Dougherty, Michele K -- Achilleos, Nicholas A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 25;459(7250):1102-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08070.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. nick.schneider@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Gases/*chemistry ; *Moon ; Planets ; Sodium/*analysis ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    The mass of dwarf planet Eris (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: The discovery of dwarf planet Eris was followed shortly by the discovery of its satellite, Dysnomia, but the satellite orbit, and thus the system mass, was not known. New observations with the Keck Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescopes show that Dysnomia has a circular orbit with a radius of 37,350 +/- 140 (1-sigma) kilometers and a 15.774 +/- 0.002 day orbital period around Eris. These orbital parameters agree with expectations for a satellite formed out of the orbiting debris left from a giant impact. The mass of Eris from these orbital parameters is 1.67 x 10(22) +/- 0.02 x 10(22) kilograms, or 1.27 +/- 0.02 that of Pluto.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Michael E -- Schaller, Emily L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1585.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The response of Jupiter's magnetosphere to an outburst on Io (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: A 6-month-long monitoring campaign of the Io plasma torus and neutral cloud was conducted to determine the characteristics of their interaction. During the observations, a large outburst of material from Io-inferred to be caused by the eruption of a volcanic plume on Io-caused a transient increase in the neutral cloud and plasma torus masses. The response of the plasma torus to this outburst shows that the interaction between Io and Jupiter's magnetosphere is stabilized by a feedback mechanism in which increases in the plasma torus mass cause a nonlinear increase in loss from the plasma torus, limiting plasma buildup.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, M E -- Bouchez, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):268-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. mbrown@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Oxygen/analysis ; Sodium/analysis ; Sulfur/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Geographic control of Titan's mid-latitude clouds (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-22
    Description: Observations of Titan's mid-latitude clouds from the W. M. Keck and Gemini Observatories show that they cluster near 350 degrees W longitude, 40 degrees S latitude. These clouds cannot be explained by a seasonal shift in global circulation and thus presumably reflect a mechanism on Titan such as geysering or cryovolcanism in this region. The rate of volatile release necessary to trigger cloud formation could easily supply enough methane to balance the loss to photolysis in the upper atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roe, Henry G -- Brown, Michael E -- Schaller, Emily L -- Bouchez, Antonin H -- Trujillo, Chadwick A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 21;310(5747):477-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. hroe@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Methane ; *Saturn ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    A low-density M-type asteroid in the main belt (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: The orbital parameters of a satellite revolving around 22 Kalliope indicate that the bulk density of this main-belt asteroid is 2.37 +/- 0.4 grams per cubic centimeter. M-type asteroids such as Kalliope are thought to be the disrupted metallic cores of differentiated bodies. The low-density indicates that Kalliope cannot be predominantly composed of metal and may be composed of chondritic material with approximately 30% porosity. The satellite orbit is circular, suggesting that Kalliope and its satellite have different internal structures and tidal dissipation rates. The satellite may be an aggregate of impact ejecta from an earlier collision with Kalliope.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Margot, J L -- Brown, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1939-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. margot@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    A 5-micron-bright spot on Titan: evidence for surface diversity (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-08
    Description: Observations from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer show an anomalously bright spot on Titan located at 80 degrees W and 20 degrees S. This area is bright in reflected light at all observed wavelengths, but is most noticeable at 5 microns. The spot is associated with a surface albedo feature identified in images taken by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem. We discuss various hypotheses about the source of the spot, reaching the conclusion that the spot is probably due to variation in surface composition, perhaps associated with recent geophysical phenomena.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, Jason W -- Brown, Robert H -- Turtle, Elizabeth P -- McEwen, Alfred S -- Lorenz, Ralph D -- Janssen, Michael -- Schaller, Emily L -- Brown, Michael E -- Buratti, Bonnie J -- Sotin, Christophe -- Griffith, Caitlin -- Clark, Roger -- Perry, Jason -- Fussner, Stephanie -- Barbara, John -- West, Richard -- Elachi, Charles -- Bouchez, Antonin H -- Roe, Henry G -- Baines, Kevin H -- Bellucci, Giancarlo -- Bibring, Jean-Pierre -- Capaccioni, Fabrizio -- Cerroni, Priscilla -- Combes, Michel -- Coradini, Angioletta -- Cruikshank, Dale P -- Drossart, Pierre -- Formisano, Vittorio -- Jaumann, Ralf -- Langevin, Yves -- Matson, Dennis L -- McCord, Thomas B -- Nicholson, Phillip D -- Sicardy, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 7;310(5745):92-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. jbarnes@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; Methane ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Polar methane accumulation and rainstorms on Titan from simulations of the methane cycle (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: Titan has a methane cycle akin to Earth's water cycle. It has lakes in polar regions, preferentially in the north; dry low latitudes with fluvial features and occasional rainstorms; and tropospheric clouds mainly (so far) in southern middle latitudes and polar regions. Previous models have explained the low-latitude dryness as a result of atmospheric methane transport into middle and high latitudes. Hitherto, no model has explained why lakes are found only in polar regions and preferentially in the north; how low-latitude rainstorms arise; or why clouds cluster in southern middle and high latitudes. Here we report simulations with a three-dimensional atmospheric model coupled to a dynamic surface reservoir of methane. We find that methane is cold-trapped and accumulates in polar regions, preferentially in the north because the northern summer, at aphelion, is longer and has greater net precipitation than the southern summer. The net precipitation in polar regions is balanced in the annual mean by slow along-surface methane transport towards mid-latitudes, and subsequent evaporation. In low latitudes, rare but intense storms occur around the equinoxes, producing enough precipitation to carve surface features. Tropospheric clouds form primarily in middle and high latitudes of the summer hemisphere, which until recently has been the southern hemisphere. We predict that in the northern polar region, prominent clouds will form within about two (Earth) years and lake levels will rise over the next fifteen years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, T -- Graves, S D B -- Schaller, E L -- Brown, M E -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 4;481(7379):58-61. doi: 10.1038/nature10666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. tapio@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    The fragment R collision: W. M. Keck telescope observations of SL9 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: The W. M. Keck telescope was used to observe the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) fragment R at a wavelength of 2.3 micrometers on 21 July 1994. The data showed three outbursts. The first flash lasted about 40 seconds and was followed 1 minute after its peak by a second flash that lasted about 3 minutes. A third, longer lasting flare began 6 minutes after the first flash and lasted for 10 minutes. At its maximum brightness, the flare outshone Jupiter. The two short flashes are probably associated with the initial meteor trail and the subsequent fireball, respectively. The bright flare occurred when the impact site rotated into view. These data show that the explosion ejected material at least 1300 kilometers above the visible cloud tops. The luminosity of the impact site during the long bright flare was probably maintained by the release of gravitational potential energy, as this material fell back onto the lower atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Graham, J R -- de Pater, I -- Jernigan, J G -- Liu, M C -- Brown, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1320-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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