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  • 1
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    Seasonal changes in Titan's meteorology (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-08
    Description: The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem has observed Titan for ∼1/4 Titan year, and we report here the first evidence of seasonal shifts in preferred locations of tropospheric methane clouds. South-polar convective cloud activity, common in late southern summer, has become rare. North-polar and northern mid-latitude clouds appeared during the approach to the northern spring equinox in August 2009. Recent observations have shown extensive cloud systems at low latitudes. In contrast, southern mid-latitude and subtropical clouds have appeared sporadically throughout the mission, exhibiting little seasonality to date. These differences in behavior suggest that Titan's clouds, and thus its general circulation, are influenced by both the rapid temperature response of a low-thermal-inertia surface and the much longer radiative timescale of Titan's cold thick troposphere. North-polar clouds are often seen near lakes and seas, suggesting that local increases in methane concentration and/or lifting generated by surface roughness gradients may promote cloud formation.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Storms in the tropics of Titan (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-14
    Description: Methane clouds, lakes and most fluvial features on Saturn's moon Titan have been observed in the moist high latitudes, while the tropics have been nearly devoid of convective clouds and have shown an abundance of wind-carved surface features like dunes. The presence of small-scale channels and dry riverbeds near the equator observed by the Huygens probe at latitudes thought incapable of supporting convection (and thus strong rain) has been suggested to be due to geological seepage or other mechanisms not related to precipitation. Here we report the presence of bright, transient, tropospheric clouds in tropical latitudes. We find that the initial pulse of cloud activity generated planetary waves that instigated cloud activity at other latitudes across Titan that had been cloud-free for at least several years. These observations show that convective pulses at one latitude can trigger short-term convection at other latitudes, even those not generally considered capable of supporting convection, and may also explain the presence of methane-carved rivers and channels near the Huygens landing site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaller, E L -- Roe, H G -- Schneider, T -- Brown, M E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):873-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08193.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. schaller@ifa.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-26
    Description: The discovery of water vapour and ice particles erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus fuelled speculation that an internal ocean was the source. Alternatively, the source might be ice warmed, melted or crushed by tectonic motions. Sodium chloride (that is, salt) is expected to be present in a long-lived ocean in contact with a rocky core. Here we report a ground-based spectroscopic search for atomic sodium near Enceladus that places an upper limit on the mixing ratio in the vapour plumes orders of magnitude below the expected ocean salinity. The low sodium content of escaping vapour, together with the small fraction of salt-bearing particles, argues against a situation in which a near-surface geyser is fuelled by a salty ocean through cracks in the crust. The lack of observable sodium in the vapour is consistent with a wide variety of alternative eruption sources, including a deep ocean, a freshwater reservoir, or ice. The existing data may be insufficient to distinguish between these hypotheses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, Nicholas M -- Burger, Matthew H -- Schaller, Emily L -- Brown, Michael E -- Johnson, Robert E -- Kargel, Jeffrey S -- Dougherty, Michele K -- Achilleos, Nicholas A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 25;459(7250):1102-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08070.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. nick.schneider@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Gases/*chemistry ; *Moon ; Planets ; Sodium/*analysis ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    The mass of dwarf planet Eris (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: The discovery of dwarf planet Eris was followed shortly by the discovery of its satellite, Dysnomia, but the satellite orbit, and thus the system mass, was not known. New observations with the Keck Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescopes show that Dysnomia has a circular orbit with a radius of 37,350 +/- 140 (1-sigma) kilometers and a 15.774 +/- 0.002 day orbital period around Eris. These orbital parameters agree with expectations for a satellite formed out of the orbiting debris left from a giant impact. The mass of Eris from these orbital parameters is 1.67 x 10(22) +/- 0.02 x 10(22) kilograms, or 1.27 +/- 0.02 that of Pluto.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Michael E -- Schaller, Emily L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1585.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Rapid and extensive surface changes near Titan's equator: evidence of April showers (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-19
    Description: Although there is evidence that liquids have flowed on the surface at Titan's equator in the past, to date, liquids have only been confirmed on the surface at polar latitudes, and the vast expanses of dunes that dominate Titan's equatorial regions require a predominantly arid climate. We report the detection by Cassini's Imaging Science Subsystem of a large low-latitude cloud system early in Titan's northern spring and extensive surface changes (spanning more than 500,000 square kilometers) in the wake of this storm. The changes are most consistent with widespread methane rainfall reaching the surface, which suggests that the dry channels observed at Titan's low latitudes are carved by seasonal precipitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turtle, E P -- Perry, J E -- Hayes, A G -- Lorenz, R D -- Barnes, J W -- McEwen, A S -- West, R A -- Del Genio, A D -- Barbara, J M -- Lunine, J I -- Schaller, E L -- Ray, T L -- Lopes, R M C -- Stofan, E R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1414-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1201063.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. elizabeth.turtle@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Methane ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Geographic control of Titan's mid-latitude clouds (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-22
    Description: Observations of Titan's mid-latitude clouds from the W. M. Keck and Gemini Observatories show that they cluster near 350 degrees W longitude, 40 degrees S latitude. These clouds cannot be explained by a seasonal shift in global circulation and thus presumably reflect a mechanism on Titan such as geysering or cryovolcanism in this region. The rate of volatile release necessary to trigger cloud formation could easily supply enough methane to balance the loss to photolysis in the upper atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roe, Henry G -- Brown, Michael E -- Schaller, Emily L -- Bouchez, Antonin H -- Trujillo, Chadwick A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 21;310(5747):477-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. hroe@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Methane ; *Saturn ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    A 5-micron-bright spot on Titan: evidence for surface diversity (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-08
    Description: Observations from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer show an anomalously bright spot on Titan located at 80 degrees W and 20 degrees S. This area is bright in reflected light at all observed wavelengths, but is most noticeable at 5 microns. The spot is associated with a surface albedo feature identified in images taken by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem. We discuss various hypotheses about the source of the spot, reaching the conclusion that the spot is probably due to variation in surface composition, perhaps associated with recent geophysical phenomena.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, Jason W -- Brown, Robert H -- Turtle, Elizabeth P -- McEwen, Alfred S -- Lorenz, Ralph D -- Janssen, Michael -- Schaller, Emily L -- Brown, Michael E -- Buratti, Bonnie J -- Sotin, Christophe -- Griffith, Caitlin -- Clark, Roger -- Perry, Jason -- Fussner, Stephanie -- Barbara, John -- West, Richard -- Elachi, Charles -- Bouchez, Antonin H -- Roe, Henry G -- Baines, Kevin H -- Bellucci, Giancarlo -- Bibring, Jean-Pierre -- Capaccioni, Fabrizio -- Cerroni, Priscilla -- Combes, Michel -- Coradini, Angioletta -- Cruikshank, Dale P -- Drossart, Pierre -- Formisano, Vittorio -- Jaumann, Ralf -- Langevin, Yves -- Matson, Dennis L -- McCord, Thomas B -- Nicholson, Phillip D -- Sicardy, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 7;310(5745):92-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. jbarnes@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; Methane ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Polar methane accumulation and rainstorms on Titan from simulations of the methane cycle (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: Titan has a methane cycle akin to Earth's water cycle. It has lakes in polar regions, preferentially in the north; dry low latitudes with fluvial features and occasional rainstorms; and tropospheric clouds mainly (so far) in southern middle latitudes and polar regions. Previous models have explained the low-latitude dryness as a result of atmospheric methane transport into middle and high latitudes. Hitherto, no model has explained why lakes are found only in polar regions and preferentially in the north; how low-latitude rainstorms arise; or why clouds cluster in southern middle and high latitudes. Here we report simulations with a three-dimensional atmospheric model coupled to a dynamic surface reservoir of methane. We find that methane is cold-trapped and accumulates in polar regions, preferentially in the north because the northern summer, at aphelion, is longer and has greater net precipitation than the southern summer. The net precipitation in polar regions is balanced in the annual mean by slow along-surface methane transport towards mid-latitudes, and subsequent evaporation. In low latitudes, rare but intense storms occur around the equinoxes, producing enough precipitation to carve surface features. Tropospheric clouds form primarily in middle and high latitudes of the summer hemisphere, which until recently has been the southern hemisphere. We predict that in the northern polar region, prominent clouds will form within about two (Earth) years and lake levels will rise over the next fifteen years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, T -- Graves, S D B -- Schaller, E L -- Brown, M E -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 4;481(7379):58-61. doi: 10.1038/nature10666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. tapio@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Detection of Methane on Kuiper Belt Object (50000) Quaoar (2007)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-25
    Print ISSN: 0004-637X
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-4357
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Water Ice on the Satellite of Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL 61 (2006)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-28
    Print ISSN: 0004-637X
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-4357
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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