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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fossil evidence for the origin of the marsupial pattern of tooth replacement (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 379 (1996), S. 715-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The adult dentition of primitive living marsupials includes three premolars and four molars, a configuration known to date to the Early Cretaceous7 and thought to result from a derived developmental pattern within Theria1. Of these tooth positions, the last premolar locus (conventionally termed P3) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379715a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suprafamilial relationships within marsupialia: Resolution and discordance from multidisciplinary data (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 2 (1994), S. 255-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: marsupial phylogeny ; multidisciplinary data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Selected characters of the cranioskeletal, dental, neuroanatomical, reproductive, lymphoid, and developmental systems that are known for most or all extant marsupial families are reviewed and analyzed for their abilities to corroborate higher-level hypotheses of suprafamilial relationships among extant marsupials. In addition, relatively conservative nucleotides from the mitochondrial 12S rDNA gene (obtained from the recent study by Springeret al., J. Mammal. Evol. 2, 85–115, 1994) were incorporated into the same character analysis. The ancestral morphotype for each marsupial family and each character was reconstructed, using the reconstructed eutherian and therian morphotypes for outgroup comparisons. In addition, ontogenetic data, stratigraphic position of fossils, and form-functional considerations were used, whenever feasible, to assess character state polarity of anatomical traits. Despite missing data from some families and many genera, this preliminary and modified “total evidence” approach helps to identify several well corroborated higher taxa, including Diprotodontia, Vombatiformes, and Macropodoidea, and it provides modest support for Ameridelphia, Australidelphia, and Syndactyla. An important conclusion is that no single data set is capable of resolving all suprafamilial relationships among marsupials. Suggestions are also presented for future multidisciplinary approaches to help resolve several polychotomies that have remained resistant to phylogenetic analyses of single data sets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464277
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular evidence for mammalian evolution: Congruence and conflict with “traditional” phylogenetic hypotheses (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 2 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464346
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic Evidence for Dental Homologies and Premolar Replacement in Fossil and Extant Caenolestids (Marsupialia) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 7 (2000), S. 109-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: marsupials ; dental ontogeny ; deciduous premolars ; Caenolestidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is generally accepted that the South American marsupial family Caenolestidae is characterized in part by the absence or noneruption of the third deciduous premolar (dP3) in both jaws, although juvenile stages have rarely been identified in extant or fossil representatives of the family. Published illustrations of the dentary of the Miocene caenolestid Stilotherium suggested to us, however, that P3 erupted relatively late during ontogeny, after the eruption of M4. In extant marsupials, this eruption sequence appears to represent the plesiomorphic state and this pattern is generally associated with the eruption of dP3 earlier in ontogeny, and its subsequent replacement by the erupting P3. Therefore, we suspected that a dP3 erupted in earlier ontogenetic stages of caenolestids; to test this hypothesis we searched the mammalogy collections of three museums for evidence of dP3 in juvenile specimens of caenolestids. Examination of more than 180 specimens of the three extant genera of caenolestid marsupials resulted in the identification of only nine juvenile or subadult stages of dental eruption. Seven specimens of Caenolestes and Rhyncholestes corroborated our hypotheses of late eruption of P3 in Caenolestidae. In addition, the two youngest specimens of Caenolestes possessed a tiny, rudimentary dP3, measuring about 0.4 to 0.5 mm in greatest length, associated with a mesiolingual eruption pit containing the apex of the larger P3 in very early phases of eruption above the alveolar margins. The tiny dP3 is clearly nonfunctional in occlusion, and it is questionable whether it erupted above the gun margins in life. Comparison of the dentaries of subadult caenolestids with four dentaries of the Miocene genus Stilotherium corroborated our initial impression that the fossil genus exhibited evidence of a late-erupting P3, comparable to the condition in extant caenolestids. We suggest that examination of other specimens of juvenile dentitions, skulls, and skeletons in museum collections can provide additional insight into the developmental and evolutionary biology of mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009406632509
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Relationships Between the Orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea: A Combined Assessment of Morphological and Molecular Evidence (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 5 (1998), S. 127-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Artiodactyla ; hippopotamuses ; Cetacea ; morphology ; cytochrome b ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A character analysis of selected conservative morphological traits from extant and fossil artiodactyls and cetaceans was combined with a similar analysis of conservative nucleotide positions from the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of available extant artiodactyls, cetaceans, sirenians, perissodactyls, and other mammals. This combined analysis focuses on the evidence that supports conflicting hypotheses of artiodactyl monophyly, including the affinities of hippopotamids and the monophyly or paraphyly of odontocete cetaceans. Highly conserved morphological traits of the astragalus and deciduous dentition provide strong corroboration of artiodactyl monophyly, including extant and fossil hippopotamids. In contrast, cytochrome b gene sequences are incapable of confirming this monophyly, due to excessive homoplasy of nucleotide and amino acid traits within extant Eutheria. In like manner, highly conserved and uniquely derived morphological features of the skull and auditory regions provide robust corroboration of Odontoceti monophyly, including extant and fossil physeteroids. Several nucleotide similarities do exist between physeteroids and mysticetes; however, most are either silent third-position transversions or occur also in two or more odontocete families. We suggest that increased taxon sampling, combined with functional considerations of amino acids and their secondary structure in protein-coding genes, are essential requirements for the phylogenetic interpretations of molecules at higher taxonomic levels, especially when they conflict with well-supported hypotheses of mammalian phylogeny, corroborated by uniquely derived morphological traits from extant and fossil taxa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020501622015
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny and homology of the dentition in dasyurid marsupials: Development inSminthopsis virginiae (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 3 (1996), S. 327-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: ontogeny ; homology ; dentition ; dasyurids ; heterochrony ; marsupials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Histological analysis of an ontogenetic series of the dasyurid marsupial,Sminthopsis virginiae, from birt to 60 days old, was undertaken to assess the developmental homologies of the deciduous and successional teeth. This period covers the time from the initiation of all teeth as epithelial buds up until the time of early eruption of some teeth. In addition, two older specimens, aged 81 and 97 days, were examined to provide additional information on the state of differentiation of the unerupted third premolar. In the postcanine dentition, only a single tooth position, dP3, was characterized by the later development of a replacing successional tooth (P3), following developmental pathways identical to those in eutherian mammals. In contrast, the anterior dentition is characterized by the formation of rudimentary, nonerupting deciduous incisors and canines, and by the accelerated development of normal, erupting successional incisors and canines in both jaws. Comparison of relative developmental stages for each tooth position throughout its preeruptive ontogeny suggests thatheterochrony (both developmental acceleration and retardation) has played an important role in the evolutionary history of the dasyurid dentition. Differing aspects of this phenomenon are identified and discussed for the anterior dentition, the anterior two premolars, P3, and the lower molars. Further evidence is presented to corroborate the identification of the anterior two premolars in the adult as dP1 and dP2, based on the relative retardation of their initiation and their lack of successor tooth germs. This developmental heterochrony has probably occurred in all three-premolared marsupials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02077449
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proposed fossil tree shrew genus Palaeotupaia (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 288 (1980), S. 104-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CHOPRA and Vasishat1 described a skull fragment with partial dentition of a fossil tree shew (family Tupaiidae) from Miocene Siwalik deposits in India. Together with a maxillary fragment and an isolated lower molar from the same locality2, and some incomplete craniodental remains from the Miocene ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288104b0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Killed but metabolically active microbes: a new vaccine paradigm for eliciting effector T-cell responses and protective immunity (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 11 (2005), S. 853-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We developed a new class of vaccines, based on killed but metabolically active (KBMA) bacteria, that simultaneously takes advantage of the potency of live vaccines and the safety of killed vaccines. We removed genes required for nucleotide excision repair (uvrAB), rendering microbial-based vaccines ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1276
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monophyly or polyphyly of the order Rodentia: Possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 127-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Rodentia ; monophyly ; polyphyly ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent analyses of amino acid sequence data from selected proteins inCavia, Rattus, Homo, Bos, Sus, and a few additional rodents and other eutherians suggested that Rodentia is not a monophyletic taxon and thatCavia and other hystricognaths may have branched off earlier than the separation between Muroidea and Primates during mammalian evolution. Because this hypothesis of polyphyly is contrary to the otherwise unanimous recognition of rodent monophyly, we have reevaluated the morphological and developmental evidence from the cranium, dentition, postcranial skeleton, and fetal membranes for the taxa Hystricognathi, Muroidea, other Rodentia, Primates, Artiodactyla, and Lagomorpha, as well as for the eutherian morphotype. Our character analyses provide strong corroboration for the traditional hypothesis of rodent monophyly and lend additional support to the suggestion that Lagomorpha is the sister taxon of Rodentia. Our survey of published molecular data furnishes little or no support for the proposed hypothesis of rodent polyphyly. We conclude that this hypothesis is the result of poor sampling of sequence data from rodents and other eutherians, rather than any inherent difficulties in the use of molecular evidence for the assessment of mammalian evolution. The available molecular data suggest thatCavia differs considerably from other hystricognaths in many proteins, but the reasons for this remain to be investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041591
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic staging of the mammalian dentition, and its value for assessment of homology and heterochrony (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 269-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: ontogeny ; dentition ; heterochrony ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A closely graded system of ontogenetic staging is presented for changes that occur during early development of the dentition in therian mammals, up to and including early phases of the calcification process. Such a precise staging system is essential to detect differences in the time of onset and subsequent differentiation of individual tooth loci within the jaws of a single species, and within supraspecific taxa. Analysis of the evolutionary significance of these developmentalheterochronies can play a valuable role in the assessment of serial homology in the therian dentition, and it provides additional insight into the nature and pattern of tooth loss during evolution. Following the description and illustration of bud, cap, and bell substages, examples are presented from the ontogeny of the primary dentition in macroscelidids and hyracoids. These demonstrate the use of this staging system for assessing the serial homology of modified teeth such as “premolariform” canines and the role of developmental retardation in the evolutionary loss of primary and secondary teeth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041667
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